Basic Sciences - Physiology

Question 1

Anion Gap

Answer 1

(Na+K)-(Cl+HCO3)

Normal range 10-18

Question 2

Central Venous line waveforms- JVP

Answer 2

3 upward deflections and 2 downward deflections

Question 3

Upward deflections on JVP waveform

A WAVE?

Answer 3

Atrial contraction

Question 4

Upward deflections on JVP waveform

C WAVE?

Answer 4

Ventricular contraction

Question 5

Upward deflections on JVP waveform

V WAVE?

Answer 5

ATRIAL VENOUS FILLING

Question 6

Downward deflections on JVP waveform

X WAVE?

Answer 6

Atrium relaxes and tricuspid valve moves down

Question 7

Downward deflections on JVP waveform

Y WAVE?

Answer 7

VENTRICULAR FILLING

Question 8

MEAN ATERIAL PRESSURE

Answer 8

DIASTOLIC PRESSURE + 0.333(Systolic pressure-Diastolic pressure)

Question 9

CEREBRAL PERFUSION PRESSURE

Answer 9

MEAN ARTERIAL PRESSURE - INTRA CRANIAL PRESSURE

Question 10

ENDOCRINE PARAMETERS REDUCED IN RESPONSE TO MAJOR SURGERY

Answer 10

INSULIN

TESTOSTERONE

OESTROGEN

Question 11

ENDOCRINE PARAMETERS INCREASED IN RESPONSE TO MAJOR SURGERY

Answer 11

Cortisol
Renin
Growth hormone
ACTH 
Aldosterone
Prolactin 
ADH
Glucagon

Question 12

Phases of wound healing ?

Answer 12

Haemostasis

Inflammation

Regeneration

Remodelling

Question 13

Wound healing - Haemostasis

Answer 13

Vasospasm + platelet plug formation

Erythrocytes and platelets

Takes seconds/minutes

Question 14

Wound healing - inflammation

Answer 14

Cells : neutrophils, fibroblasts and macrophages

Time : Days

Features : 
Neutrophils migrate into wound
Growth factor released 
Fibroblasts migrate into the wound
Macrophages and fibroblasts couple matric regeneration and clot substitution

Question 15

Metabolic acidosis

Answer 15

Low bicarbonate level and low base excess

Question 16

Metabolic alkalosis

Answer 16

High bicarbonate and high base excess ( greater than +2 mmol)

Question 17

Which vitamin us involved in formation of collagen?

Answer 17

Vitamin C