Basic Science Tutorials Flashcards
In which situations should FSH be requested to investigate menopause?
1) Aged >45 with atypical symptoms
2) Aged 40-45 with symptoms
3) Premature menopause suspected
What is the definition of PCOS?
Hyperandrogenization and chronic anovulation in the absence of underlying adrenal or pituitary disease
What are the diagnostic criteria for PCOS?
At least 2 of the following:
1) Polycystic ovaries on USS
2) Chronic anovulation or oligomenorrhoea
3) Clinical or biochemical evidence of androgen excess
Name 3 tests that should be done to investigate PCOS:
3 of the following:
1) Total testosterone
2) SHBG
3) LH and FSH
4) Prolactin
5) TSH
In PCOS, are testosterone levels normally increased or decreased?
Increased
Define the term infertility:
Infertility is the failure to conceive after two years of regular unprotected sexual intercourse
What are the 3 female factor causes of infertility?
1) Ovarian factors, causing anovulation
2) Tubal factors
3) Uterine/structural factors
What are the 3 groups of ovarian factor disorders causing infertility?
1) Hypothalamic-pituitary failure
2) Hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian dysfunction
3) Ovarian failure
Give an example of hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian dysfunction:
PCOS
What are the 3 tubal factor causes of infertility?
1) Hydrosalpinx, e.g. from PID, HIV
2) Tubal occlusion
3) Tubal dysfunction, e.g. Kartagener’s
True or false, USS is the gold standard for investigating tubal factor infertility…
False - HSG is the gold standard
Which of these is NOT a structural defect leading to primary amenorrhoea?
a) Imperforate hymen
b) Cervical stenosis
c) Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
d) Turner’s syndrome
c) Hypergonadotropic hypogonadism
True or false, Clomifene can be used to treat infertility caused by anovulation…
True
What should first be established when investigating primary amenorrhoea?
Whether secondary sexual characteristics have developed?
What is the definition of primary amenorrhoea?
No menstruation by 14 y/o with no secondary sexual characteristics
No menstruation by 16y/o with normal secondary sexual characteristics
What is the definition of secondary amenorrhoea?
Cessation of menstruation for 6 consecutive months after a normal cycle has been established
Which of these is not a cause of secondary amenorrhoea?
a) Pregnancy
b) Contraception
c) PCOS
d) Turner’s syndrome
e) Menopause
d) Turner’s syndrome
Release of an egg is triggered by which hormone?
LH
Where is progesterone produced?
Corpus luteum
How many months of amenorrhoea is needed for it to be classified as menopause?
12 months
What is a common endocrine cause of menorrhagia?
Hypothyroidism
Name 3 structural issues that can cause menorrhagia:
1) Endometrial polyps
2) Endometriosis
3) Uterine fibroids
4) Endometrial hyperplasia
5) Endometrial carcinoma
6) Adenomyosis
What is the first line management for menorrhagia?
IUS - i.e. Mirena coil
True or false, endometrial ablation can be used as a method of surgical management for menorrhagia caused by large fibroids….
False - endometrial ablation is contraindicated in large fibroids and malignancy
