Basic Science Intro Class 1! Flashcards
To understand and define key terms
The Threadlike bodies in the nucleus that contain the strands of DNA that carry genes
Chromosome
What are the five layers of the cornea?
Corneal Epithelium, Bowman’s Layer, Corneal Stroma, Descemets Membrane, Endothelium
Osmosis
Osmosis: the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane
Anterior (Ventral)
Towards the Front
Posterior(Dorsal)
Towards the back
Superior(Cranial)
Towards the Head
Inferior(Caudal)
Away form the Head
Medial
Toward the midline
Lateral
Away from the midline
Organelle
A specialized structure of a cell, such as a mitochondrion, Golgi complex, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, centriole etc.
The Nucleus
- the control center of the cell, contains genetic information –genes
Chromosome
-The threadlike bodies in the nucleus of a cell that contain the strands of DNA which carry genes
DNA
- the genetic material, consists of genes that contain codes for producing proteins
RNA –
Ribonucleic acid – the DNA code is copied onto messenger RNA –Protein synthesis
Nucleolus
A small, typically round granular body composed of protein and RNA in the nucleus of a cell
Golgi complex
A series of flattened membrane sacs and vesicles – A packaging and processing factory – Transporting substances to the outside of the cell
A membrane bound structure in the cytoplasm of the cell
Contains enzymes that function in intracellular digestion of foreign substances and worn out cell structure
Lysosomes
Mitochondria
Bounded by double membrane, it is the Powerhouse of the cell –energy generation
Mitochondria house numerous enzymes that carry out steps essential to metabolism.
Defects in mitochondrial function have serious consequences for the survival of the cell – leads to many degenerative conditions
Example – Mitochondrial myopathy,(disease of the muscle tissue)
Plasma membrane
All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane
Very thin, semi fluid, sheet like structure
A selective barrier that mediates passage of material into and out of cells
Enables cells to conduct specialized activities within small areas of the cytoplasm
Store energy and metabolic reactions –within the cytoplasm
Endoplasmic reticulum
A series of folded internal membrane
Rough and smooth EPR
Synthesis, modification, and transport of cellular materials.
Rough EPR is studded with ribosomes
Ribosomes are the cellular organelles that carry out protein synthesis
Mitosis
The process in cell division by which the nucleus divides, typically consisting of four stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and normally resulting in two new nuclei, each of which contains a complete copy of the parental chromosomes.
The entire process of cell division including division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm.
Metabolism
The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life.
In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized.
Homeostasis
The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes.
Blood pressure - Neurotransmitters
Body temperature – Hypothalamus
Pulse rate - Flight or fight situation
Epithelial cells
Generally, Squamous or columnar
Form the epithelial tissues that lines both the inner and outer surfaces of the body;
serve a protective function and also aid in absorption and secretion
Forms the outermost layer of the Cornea
Endothelial cells
A thin layer of flat epithelial cells that lines serous cavities, lymph vessels, and blood vessels.
Stem cells
Stem cells are ‘uncommitted’ cells, capable of dividing to make more stem cells, or, under appropriate conditions, to produce the kinds of specialized cells that make up the tissues and organs of the body.
: the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane
Osmosis
Hypertonic Solutions:
contain a high concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell’s cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrink
Hypotonic Solutions:
contain a low concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell’s cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode
Isotonic Solutions:
contain the same concentration of solute as an another solution (e.g. the cell’s cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the body cells is isotonic
