Basic Science Intro Class 1!

Question 1

The Threadlike bodies in the nucleus that contain the strands of DNA that carry genes

Answer 1

Chromosome

Question 2

What are the five layers of the cornea?

Answer 2

Corneal Epithelium, Bowman’s Layer, Corneal Stroma, Descemets Membrane, Endothelium

Question 3

Osmosis

Answer 3

Osmosis: the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane

Question 4

Anterior (Ventral)

Answer 4

Towards the Front

Question 5

Posterior(Dorsal)

Answer 5

Towards the back

Question 6

Superior(Cranial)

Answer 6

Towards the Head

Question 7

Inferior(Caudal)

Answer 7

Away form the Head

Question 8

Medial

Answer 8

Toward the midline

Question 9

Lateral

Answer 9

Away from the midline

Question 10

Organelle

Answer 10

A specialized structure of a cell, such as a mitochondrion, Golgi complex, lysosome, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosome, centriole etc.

Question 11

The Nucleus

Answer 11

• the control center of the cell, contains genetic information –genes

Question 12

Chromosome

Answer 12

-The threadlike bodies in the nucleus of a cell that contain the strands of DNA which carry genes

Question 13

DNA

Answer 13

• the genetic material, consists of genes that contain codes for producing proteins

Question 14

RNA –

Answer 14

Ribonucleic acid – the DNA code is copied onto messenger RNA –Protein synthesis

Question 15

Nucleolus

Answer 15

A small, typically round granular body composed of protein and RNA in the nucleus of a cell

Question 16

Golgi complex

Answer 16

A series of flattened membrane sacs and vesicles – A packaging and processing factory – Transporting substances to the outside of the cell

Question 17

A membrane bound structure in the cytoplasm of the cell

Contains enzymes that function in intracellular digestion of foreign substances and worn out cell structure

Answer 17

Lysosomes

Question 18

Mitochondria

Answer 18

Bounded by double membrane, it is the Powerhouse of the cell –energy generation
Mitochondria house numerous enzymes that carry out steps essential to metabolism.
Defects in mitochondrial function have serious consequences for the survival of the cell – leads to many degenerative conditions
Example – Mitochondrial myopathy,(disease of the muscle tissue)

Question 19

Plasma membrane

Answer 19

All cells are surrounded by a plasma membrane
Very thin, semi fluid, sheet like structure
A selective barrier that mediates passage of material into and out of cells
Enables cells to conduct specialized activities within small areas of the cytoplasm
Store energy and metabolic reactions –within the cytoplasm

Question 20

Endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 20

A series of folded internal membrane
Rough and smooth EPR
Synthesis, modification, and transport of cellular materials.
Rough EPR is studded with ribosomes
Ribosomes are the cellular organelles that carry out protein synthesis

Question 21

Mitosis

Answer 21

The process in cell division by which the nucleus divides, typically consisting of four stages, prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase, and normally resulting in two new nuclei, each of which contains a complete copy of the parental chromosomes.

The entire process of cell division including division of the nucleus and the cytoplasm.

Question 22

Metabolism

Answer 22

The chemical processes occurring within a living cell or organism that are necessary for the maintenance of life.
In metabolism some substances are broken down to yield energy for vital processes while other substances, necessary for life, are synthesized.

Question 23

Homeostasis

Answer 23

The ability or tendency of an organism or cell to maintain internal equilibrium by adjusting its physiological processes.
Blood pressure - Neurotransmitters
Body temperature – Hypothalamus
Pulse rate - Flight or fight situation

Question 24

Epithelial cells

Answer 24

Generally, Squamous or columnar
Form the epithelial tissues that lines both the inner and outer surfaces of the body;
serve a protective function and also aid in absorption and secretion
Forms the outermost layer of the Cornea

Question 25

Endothelial cells

Answer 25

A thin layer of flat epithelial cells that lines serous cavities, lymph vessels, and blood vessels.

Question 26

Stem cells

Answer 26

Stem cells are ‘uncommitted’ cells, capable of dividing to make more stem cells, or, under appropriate conditions, to produce the kinds of specialized cells that make up the tissues and organs of the body.

Question 27

: the movement of water molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration through a semi permeable membrane

Answer 27

Osmosis

Question 28

Hypertonic Solutions:

Answer 28

contain a high concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell’s cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out of the cell, causing the cell to shrink

Question 29

Hypotonic Solutions:

Answer 29

contain a low concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g. the cell’s cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses into the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode

Question 30

Isotonic Solutions:

Answer 30

contain the same concentration of solute as an another solution (e.g. the cell’s cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, the water diffuses into and out of the cell at the same rate. The fluid that surrounds the body cells is isotonic