Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MSK > Basic Science - Biochemistry > Flashcards

Basic Science - Biochemistry Flashcards

1
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Quantitative defect of bone due to reduced mineral density and increased porosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the WHO definition of osteoporosis?

A

Mineral density of bone less than 2.5 standard deviations below mean peak value of young adults of same race and sex

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What causes a loss in bone density?

A

Physiological after 30 due to slowing osteoblast activity

Females lose more after menopause due to loss of protective effect of oestrogen on osteoclastic bone resorption

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the 2 types of osteoporosis?

A

Type 1 - post menopausal often due to early menopause + familial and environmental factors

Type 2 - Old age = greater fall in bone density than expected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What types of fractures are common in each type of osteoporosis?

A

Type 1
Colles fracture
Vertebral insufficiency

Type 2
Neck of femur
Vertebral fracture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Diagnosis of osteoporosis?

A

DEXA scan

Normal serum calcium and phosphate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Treatment of osteoporosis?

A

Calcium and Vitamin D supplementation

Bisphosphonates i.e. alendronate to reduce osteoclastic resorption . BEST AT PRESENT

Desunomab - monoclonal antibdy reducing osteoclast activity

Strontium

Intranasal calcitonin = no benefit and increased cancer risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is osteomalcia?

A

Qualitative defect of bone with softening due to deficient mineralisation of osteoid (immature bone) due to inadequate calcium and phosphorous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the causes of osteomalcia?

A

Lack of dietary calcium
Deficiency or resistance to action of Vitamin D
Phosphate deficiency due to renal loss

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are the signs and symptoms of Osteomalcia?

A

Bone pain (usually in pelvis, spine and femora)
Deformities from soft bone i.e. Rickets
Pathological fracture
Hypocalcaemia
i.e. muscle cramp, iritibility, fatigue , seizures

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Investigations for Osteomalcia?

A

Biochemistry - low calcium, low serum phosphatase and high serum alk phos

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Treatment for osteomalcia?

A

Vitamin D therapy + calcium/phosphate supplement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is primary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Over production of PTH due to benign adenoma, hyperplasia or malignant neoplasia of parathyrod gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is secondary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Physiological overproduction of PTH secondary to hypocalcaemia usually caused by vitamin D deficiency or CKD ( due to reduced phosphate excretion and inactive activation of Vit. D)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is tertiary hyperparathyroidism?

A

Chronic secondary developing an adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the outcome of overproduction of PTH?

A

Hypercalcaemia

Phosphate normal

17
Q

Bone manifestations of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Fragility fractures

Lytic lesions (Brown Tumours) - may need skeletal stabilisation

18
Q

Treatment of hyperparathyroidism?

A

Removal of adenomatous gland

Vit D supplement

19
Q

What is the treatment of very high serum calcium levels?

A

EMERGENCY

IV fluid
Bisphosphonates
Calcitonin

20
Q

What is Paget’s disease?

A

Increased osteoclast activity results in increased bone turnover.

Osteoblast activity rises and form new bone

This fails to remodel sufficiently and the bone while thicker is brittle and prone to fracture

21
Q

What are the causes of Pagets disease?

A

Virus - paramyxovirus

Genetic defect

22
Q

What bones are most affected by Pagets disease?

A

Pelvis
Femur
Skull
Ear ossicles

23
Q

How may Pagets disease present?

A 
Incidental
Arthritis
Pathologic fracture
Deformity 
Pain
High output cardiac failure due to increased blood flow to pagetic bone
24
Q

What would investigations show in Pagets disease?

A

Serum alk phos up, normal calcium and phosphorus.

Affected bone enlarged, thickened cortices and coarse, thick trabeculae

Mixed areas of lysis and sclerosis

Bone scan = marked increase in uptake at affected bone

25
Q

What is the treatment of Pagets disease?

A

Bisphosphonates

Calcitonin if extensive lytic disease

MSK (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions