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Final Written > Basic Science And Equipment > Flashcards

Basic Science And Equipment Flashcards

1
Q

Cause of sigmoid curve

A

Cooperative binding of oxygen and haemoglobim

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2
Q

Normal values p50 p75 (venous blood) and p100 (arterial blood)

A

P50 3.5kpa
P75 5.3kpa
P100 13

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3
Q

Causes right shift oxy hb dissociation curve

A

Causes of right shift of p50

Reduces affinity of hb for oxygen (ie ocygen released)

Acidosis temperature 23 dpg

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4
Q

Causes of left shift of oxygen hb curve

A

Alkalosis reduced 23 dpg hypothermia
Feral hb
Carboxyhb
Methaemoglobinaemia

Causes hb to hold onto oxygen

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5
Q

Bohr effect

A

Co2 released at tissues equals rise in hydrogen ions
Hydrogen binds to hb
Hb releases more oxygen to tissues

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6
Q

Double Bohr effect

A

Fetus release co2 at placenta
Increased hydrogen ion concentration changes hb (right shift) and oxygen released to placenta

On foetal side as co2 released more alkalotic resulting in left shift and more o2 taken up

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7
Q

Laser properties

A

Coherent ( in plane)
Collimated (one direction)
Monochromatic (one wavelength)

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8
Q

Types laser

A

Co2
Argon
Ndyag

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9
Q

Reducing risk airway fire

A 
Lowest fio2 less than 0.25 
No nitrous 
Laser tube
Saline in cuff 
Wet swabs 
Pre filled saline syringes 
Matt black instruments
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10
Q

Hazards of laser

A

Airway fire
Burns
Atmospheric pollution
Eye damage

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11
Q

Spatial resolution

A

Spatial resolution is the ability to differentiate 2 points at particular depth in tissue

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12
Q

Axial resolution

A

Minimum distance between two reflectors in parrelel

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13
Q

Lateral resolution

A

Minimum distance between 2 reflectors next to each other

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14
Q

Temporal resolution

A

Ability to distinguish instantaneous events - TIME from first frame to the next

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15
Q

Uses of u,trasound in anaesthesia

A 
IV access 
Epidural 
Nerve blocks 
Echo 
Oesophageal Doppler
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16
Q

Limitations of uktrasound

A

Operator dependent
Obesity deep structure
Age atrophied tissues

17
Q

What is secreted from adrenals

A

Medulla (inner) is chroma fun cells and secretes catecholamimes

Cortex outer
(GFR fr9m outside in)
Zona glomerulosa is aldosterone
Zone fasiculata and reticularis is corticosteroids and androgens

18
Q

How does aldosterone work

A

Released in response to renin angiotensin system and small degree by acth

Causes sodium (and water) reabsorption dct 
At expense of k and h loss
19
Q

Types of hyper aldosteronism

A
  1. Primary ie conns adrenal hyperplasia
    Secretion of aldosterone
  2. Secondary aldosterone ie high levels renin and aldosteone due to CCF or liver cirrhosis
20
Q

Investigation in conns

A

Blood pressure
Hypo kalemia can be profound
Aldosteone to renin ratio
MRI adrenals

21
Q

Cushing syndrome features

A

Moon face striae buffalo hump, osteoporosis muscle weakness thin skin LVH

Mild mineracorticoid effect leading to hypokalemia

22
Q

Tests in cushings

A

Dex suppression test
ACTH
MRI

23
Q

Hypoadrenalism

A

Primary ie Addisons (autoimmune, TB cancer haemorrhage)

Secondary due to prolonged steroids and withdrawal

Addisons abdo pain committing postural hypotension
Low sodium high potassium

24
Q

Tests for addisons

A

Short synacthen test- cortisol at baseline 30 mins and 60 short synacthen give 250 micros
Levels should double or more more than 580nmol l

25
Q

Decontamination

A

Decontamination removes or destroy a ally contaminagmgs so cannot reach susceptible site and cause harm

Cleaning plus either disinfection or sterilisation

26
Q

Bioburden

A

Population of viable infectious agents contaminating a medical device

27
Q

Critical semi critical and non critical devices

A

Critical tissues or vascular urge must be sterilised

Semi critical mucous membranes or non intact skin but shouldn’t break blood barrier ie laryngoscopes high level disinfection

Non critical ecg pulse ox can be cleaned

28
Q

Cleaning devices

A

Most important step remove foreign material and reduced bio burden

Washing with detergent or assisted washers ultra sonic

29
Q

Disinfection of devices

A

Removes most pathological organisms except spores (some high level disinfection may remove spores)

High level disinfectants aldehyde chlorine

Low level alcohol

Chemical disinfection rapid and cheap but may be corrosive or flammable
Rinsed and dried after

Pasteurisation intermediate level disinfection with mater over 77 degrees for 30 mins

Endoscopes need high level disinfection aldehyde minimum 20 mins

30
Q

Sterilisation

A

Should removed all pathological organisms including spores

Steam sterilisation over 100degrees dry and saturated recomomdede for devices that can withstand heat and moisture

Chemical sterilisation
Ethylene oxide in us
Aldrehyde 10 hours in U.K.

Final Written (12 decks)

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