Basic Science

Question 1

How is the hypothalamus connected to the pituitary?

Answer 1

Infundibulum

Question 2

What type of hormones are released by the hypothalamus?

Answer 2

Neurohormones

Question 3

What kind of hormones are released by posterior pituitary?

Answer 3

Neurohormones

Question 4

What type of hormones are released by anterior pituitary?

Answer 4

Classic endocrine

Question 5

What’s trophic

Answer 5

govern the release of another hormone

Question 6

5 hypothalamic releasing hormones

Answer 6

◦ Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
	◦ Corticotropin releasing hormone (CRH)
	◦ Growth hormone releasing hormone (GHRH)
	◦ Gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)
	◦ Prolactin releasing hormone (PRH)

Question 7

The stages in the hypothalamus hypophyseal hormones

Answer 7

1. Neurons synthesising trophic hormones release them into the capillaries of the portal system
2. Portal vessels carry the trophic hormones directly to the anterior pituitary
3. Endocrine cells release their hormones into the second set of capillaries for distribution to the rest of the body

Question 8

2 hypothalamic inhibiting hormones

Answer 8

◦ Growth hormone inhibiting hormone (GHIH)

◦ Dopamine aka prolactin inhibiting hormone (PIH)

Question 9

Alternative name for the anterior pituitary

Answer 9

Adenohypophsis

Question 10

6 AP hormones

Answer 10

◦ Thyroid stimulating hormone 
	◦ Prolactin (not tropic)
	◦ Follicle stimulating hormone 
	◦ Lutenising horome 
	◦ Adrenocorticotropic hormone 
	◦ Growth hormone

TP FLAG

Question 11

What’re the 3 integration centers in the AP feedback loop?

Answer 11

Hypothalamus
AP
Target endocrine cell

Question 12

Alternative name for PP

Answer 12

Neurohypophysis

Question 13

What type of tissue is the PP

Answer 13

Neuroendocrine

Question 14

Hyposecretion

Answer 14

◦ Too little hormone secreted

Question 15

Hypersecretion

Answer 15

◦ Too much hormone secreted

Question 16

Hypo responsiveness

Answer 16

◦ Reduced response of the target cell
◦ Prolonged exposure to the high [hormone] in the plasma leads to down regulation of receptor number
‣ Decreases tissue sensitivity/response to hormone
◦ failure of metabolic action of the hormone, disordered post receptor events and alterations in hormone

Question 17

Hyper responsiveness

Answer 17

◦ Increased response of the target cell
◦ Prolonged exposure to low [hormone] in the plasma leads to up regulation of the receptor number
‣ Decreases tissue sensitivity/ response to hormone
◦ could be due to permissive effects
‣ The presence of one hormone enhances the effect of another

Question 18

What’s a 1st disorder?

Answer 18

◦ Cellular defect in the cells which secrete the hormone

Question 19

2nd disorder?

Answer 19

◦ Too little/much trophic hormone from pituitary

Question 20

3rd disorders?

Answer 20

◦ Relate to hypothalamic defects

Question 21

What’s an antagonistic effect?

Answer 21

◦ The presence of one hormone impairs the action of another
◦ GH impairs glucose uptake in response to insulin
◦ Opposite of permissive

Question 22

What’s permissive events?

Answer 22

The presence of one hormone enhances the effect of the other

Question 23

Where do paracrine chemicals act upon?

Answer 23

local to the site of synthesis

Question 24

Where do autocrine cells act upon?

Answer 24

Act on the same cell/tissue that produced it