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ABOS Part 1 > Basic Science > Flashcards

Basic Science Flashcards

1
Q

Mechanism to decrease effectiveness of beta lactams

A

Altered membrane-binding protein

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2
Q

Mechanism to decrease effectiveness of quinolones

A

Mutations of bacterial DNA gyrase

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3
Q

Mechanism to decrease effectiveness of Tetracyclines

A

increased tetracycline efflux, ribosome protection, and tetracycline modification

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4
Q

Mechanism to decrease effectiveness of rifampin

A

Alteration of RNA polymerase

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5
Q

Vitronectin

A

important receptor involved in Osteoclasts attach to bone surfaces by means of integrins and then seal the space below.

also integrin avß3

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6
Q

RANK

A

receptor on osteoclasts that when activated by RANKL stimulates osteoclasts. RANKL is found on osteoblasts.

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7
Q

Osteoprotegerin (OPG)

A

decreases osteoclast differentiation by it’s interaction with RANKL (receptor activator of NF-kappaB ligand). OPG is made by osteoblasts and binds to RANKL (RANK Ligand) to competitively inhibit RANK binding.

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8
Q

PDGF (Platelet Derived Growth Factor)

A

involved in fracture healing. It is chemotactic and attracts inflammatory cells to the fracture site and is important in early fracture healing, especially the hematoma formation.

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9
Q

TGF-B (transforming growth factor Beta)

A

induces mesenchymal cells to produce type II collagen & proteoglycans. It is important in the early stages of fracture callus formation.

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10
Q

Doxycycline MOA

A

inhibit protein synthesis by binding to the 30s ribosomal subunit.

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11
Q

clindamycin MOA

A

inhibit the 50s ribosomal subunit.

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12
Q

Penicillin MOA

A

cell wall synthesis.

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13
Q

vancomycin MOA

A

inhibit cell wall synthesis.

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14
Q

linezolid MOA

A

inhibit the 50s ribosomal subunit.

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15
Q

Sulfonamides MOA

A

folic acid inhibitors.

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16
Q

Rifampin MOA

A

RNA synthesis inhibitor.

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17
Q

Inhibits cell-wall production by preventing peptidoglycan cross-linkage

A

Cephalosporins

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18
Q

Inhibits cell-wall production by interfering with the addition of cell-wall subunits

A

Glycopeptides - vancomycin

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19
Q

Inhibits translation through irreversible binding of the 30S ribosomal subunit

A

Aminoglycosides

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20
Q

Inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase F

A

Rifamycins

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21
Q

Inhibits DNA gyrase

A

Fluoroquinolones

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22
Q

amphotericin

A

binds to sterols and disrupting the cell membrane also nystatin

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23
Q

Alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma

A

PAX3-FKHR fusion gene - 1:13

PAX7-FKHR fusion gene - 2:13

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24
Q

Ewings Sarcoma

A

EWS-Fli1 fusion gene - 11:22

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25
Q

Multiple hereditary exostosis

A

EXT1, EXT2, EXR3

Multiple Osteochondromas

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26
Q

Trabecular bone is remodeled through the formation of?

A

Howship lacunae : After the pit is formed, osteoclasts are replaced by osteoblasts that form new bone matrix

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27
Q

Synovial sarcoma

A

SYT-SSX fusion gene - t(x,18)
foot
15-20

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28
Q

Parosteal osteosarcoma

A

Ring chromosomes

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29
Q

Stress

A

force per cross-sectional area

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30
Q

Strain

A

Strain is the deformation of a material in response to an applied force

change in length/original length

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31
Q

Modulus of Elasticity

A

slope of the stress-strain curve

measure of an object’s ability to resist deformation under an external load.

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32
Q

Toughness

A

the area under the stress-strain curve and is a measure of the amount of energy a material can absorb before failure

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33
Q

Creep

A

increased displacement over time attributable to the same force

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34
Q

What molecules have been shown to promote fibrosis during muscle injury

A

TGF-ß1

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35
Q

important trophic factors in muscle regeneration

A

Insulin growth factor 1 (IGF-1)

Basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF)

36
Q

What dominant intracellular proteins become directly phosphorylated as a result of bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) binding to its receptors - See more at:

37
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

loss of acetylcholine receptors secondary to autoimmune antibodies at the NM junction.

38
Q

Mann-Whitney U test

A

used when data are nonparametric, meaning either not normally distributed or variances are not equal among groups

39
Q

Low Molecular weight Heparin

A

bind to antithrombin

increases the ability of antithrombin to inhibit thrombin and Factor Xa

40
Q

Warfarin

A

Inhibition of vitamin K-dependent carboxylation
intervenes with cyclic interconversion of vitamin K and its 2, 3 epoxide
leading to hepatic synthesis of factors II, VII, IX, and X with reduced activity

41
Q

Fondaparinux

A

Inhibition of factor Xa through antithromin binding

42
Q

Enoxaparin

A

Inhibition of factor Xa through antithromin binding

43
Q

Aspirin

A

Binding of cyclooxygenase (COX)-1 and COX-2

44
Q

Argatroban

A

YOUR RESPONSE: 4- Direct thrombin inhibition

45
Q

Hemophilia

A

X linked
Factor 8
Hemarthrosis

46
Q

Von Willebrand disease is a and not hemarthroses.

A

lack of von Willebrand factor that leads to decreased platelet aggregation;

mucosal bleeding

47
Q

Protein C and S deficiencies

A

AD

lead to thrombosis

protein C and S shut off thrombin formation.

48
Q

Calcitonin

A

directly interfering with osteoclast maturation via receptors

inhibits phosphate reabsorption
decreases calcium reabsorption in the kidneys

49
Q

Dkk-1 (dickkopf-1) & sclerostin

A

inhibit the binding of the Wnt molecule to receptors LRP5/6

50
Q

Wnt

A

binds LRP5/6

inhibits phosphorylation of the ß-catenin

51
Q

ß-catenin

A

part of Wnt pathway

osteoblast formation differentiation

52
Q

Dystrophin

A

Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD)

X-linked muscular disorder

53
Q

Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2)

A

cleidocranial dysplasia

54
Q

Mutations of collagen type

55
Q

Neurofibromin

A

protein product of the NF-1 gene

associated with neurofibromatosis

56
Q

FGFR3

A

achondroplasia

57
Q

Fibrin

A

Marfan syndrome

58
Q

Cartilage oligomeric matrix protein mutations

A

pseudoachondroplasia

have short stature (3.5-4.5 feet)

Radiographically, patient appearance is normal at birth but severely abnormal with growth.

multiple joint deformities and normal facies

59
Q

COL2A

A

spondyloepiphyseal dysplasias

facies with mild midface flattening, short necks, and barrel-shaped chests

60
Q

Drug Resistance : quinolones

A

Mutations of bacterial DNA gyrase

61
Q

Drug Resistance : beta -lactams

A

Altered membrane-binding protein

62
Q

Drug Resistance: Tetracyclines

A

increased tetracycline efflux, ribosome protection, and tetracycline modification

63
Q

Drug Resistance: rifampin

A

Alteration of RNA polymerase

64
Q

Integrin

A

promotes tumor cell attachment to bone during metastasis

65
Q

Heuter-Volkmann

A

bone placed in longitudinal tension will tend to stimulate longitudinal growth, and that compressive longitudinal forces inhibit longitudinal growth

66
Q

Wolff’s law

A

bone remodels in response to mechanical stress, with the correlate that increased stress causes increased growth, and decreased stress leads to bone loss.

67
Q

Adult Lyme Dx Abx

A

amoxicillin
doxycycline
cefuroxime

68
Q

PITX1-TBX4

A

Club foot,

Single nuclear polymorphism (SNP)

69
Q

COLIA-1

A

osteoporosis

70
Q

COL5A / COL3A

A

Ehlers-Danlos syndrome

71
Q

Activating missense mutations of GNAS

A

Fibrous Dysplasia

72
Q

Fusion transcripts of HEY1-NCOA2

A

Mesenchymal chondrosarcoma

73
Q

Ring chromosomes with CDK4 and MDMK amplification

A

low-grade central osteosarcoma or parosteal osteosarcoma

74
Q

Fibrous Dysplasia

A

Activating missense mutations of GNAS

75
Q

CDH11-USP6

A

aneurysmal bone cysts

76
Q

Poland syndrome /Sprengel deformity

A

interruption of the embryonic subclavian blood supply

77
Q

Fibular hemimelia

A 
NO known genetic component 
 absent ACL
absent rays of the foot
tarsal coalition
hypoplastic or aplastic fibula
leg-length discrepancy
femoral and tibial hypoplasia
 lower extremity angular deformity
78
Q

Distal arthrogryposis

A

MYH3 mutation

gene which codes for myosin heavy chain 3

79
Q

The NF1

A

Chromosome 17, codes for neurofibromin, a tumor suppressor
autosomal dominant inheritance
50% of new cases are due to sporadic mutation

80
Q

Dystrophic scoliosis

A 
typical of NF1
scalloped vertebra
penciled ribs
severe rotation
sharp and short (4-6 vertebrae) kyphoscoliosis
81
Q

MYH3 mutation

A

Distal arthrogryposis

82
Q

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome

A 
Chromosome 11
near the IGF gene
Neonatal hypoglycemia
macroglossia
visceromegaly
hemihypertrophy
embryonal tumors, especially Wilms tumor
83
Q

Etanercept

A

Soluble receptor that binds TNF-α

84
Q

Infliximab

A

Monoclonal antibody that binds TNF-α

85
Q

Warfarin􏰀

A

􏰀inhibits 􏰀clotting 􏰀factors 􏰀II,􏰀VII,􏰀IX,􏰀X.

inhibition􏰀 of􏰀 hepatic 􏰀enzymes, 􏰀vitamin 􏰀K􏰀epoxide = lack􏰀 of􏰀 carboxylation 􏰀of􏰀 vitamin􏰀 K􏰁 dependent􏰀 proteins 􏰀(II,􏰀VII,􏰀IX,􏰀X)

86
Q

Factor V Leiden

A

caused 􏰀by􏰀 an􏰀abnormality􏰀 of􏰀 factor􏰀 V􏰀 that 􏰀leads 􏰀to 􏰀decreased 􏰀inactivation􏰀 of􏰀 factor 􏰀Va􏰀 by􏰀 activated 􏰀protein􏰀C 􏰀(aPC)􏰀 and􏰀 increased 􏰀blood􏰀 clotting.􏰀

Single AA substitution

87
Q

LMWH

ABOS Part 1 (3 decks)

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