Basic Science

Question 1

Trends in orthopedics, whats increasing what is decreasing?

Answer 1

↓ Tuberculosis, polio, vitamin deficiencies
↓ Acute infections
↑ Arthritis, osteoporosis, fractures, MVA, sports injuries
↑ Statistics, evidence-based medicine, prevention, diagnostic imaging, arthroscopy, microsurgery

Question 2

cancellous bone AKA

Answer 2

spongy bone

Question 3

bones Storage reservoir for:

Answer 3

Ca, P, Mg. Na

Question 4

Hemopoietic tissue.

Answer 4

bone, tissue that make blood cells

Question 5

What type of loads bone withstand?

Answer 5

mechanical

Question 6

cortical bone AKA

Answer 6

compact bone,

dense, surrounds cancellous

Question 7

what is woven bone?

Answer 7

low mineral content, initial phase of fracture healing random collagen arrangement (not stress oriented)

weaker and more flexible than lamellar bone

Question 8

this type of force result in frequent Fx in areas with more cancellous type of bone

Answer 8

shear forces

Question 9

__________ forces are going cause fractures in pt with osteoporosis

Answer 9

Compresive forces

Weight bearing fracture

Question 10

Wolff’s Law

Answer 10

• bone remodels in response to mechanical stress:
• stress = hypertrophy
• trabecular orientation follows stress pattern

Question 11

what is the trabecular orientation

Answer 11

spongy bone, trabecular orientation follow stress pattern

Question 12

trabecular orientation follows stress pattern acoording to which law?

Answer 12

Wolf’s law

Question 13

2 types of bone growth:

Answer 13

endochondral (cartilaginous phase) or membranous bone growth

Question 14

Embryo contains 3 cell layers:

Answer 14

1. Ectoderm (covering)
2. Mesoderm (middle) – mesenchyme (bone)
3. Endoderm

Question 15

Bone Balance development
(Bone deposition/resorption)

Answer 15

• Positive in childhood
• Neutral in adults
• Negative in elderly

Question 16

Fracture healing process:

Answer 16

1 wk = hematoma (or immflamation)
2-3 wks = soft callous
4-16 wks = hard callous
17 wks & beyond = remodeling

Question 17

Cartilage withstand what type of forces?

Answer 17

shear and compressive

Question 18

Cartilage:

Answer 18

• Viscoelastic tissue
• Withstands shear and compressive forces
• Aneural, avascular
• Chondrocytes and intracellular substance
• Sponge-like behavior

Question 19

tendons:

Answer 19

• transmit loads to bones
• attach muscle to bone

Question 20

prevent excessive motion and guide joint motion

connect bone to bone

Answer 20

ligaments

Question 21

1st degree sprain

Answer 21

ligament microfailure of fibers, minimal pain, no instability

Question 22

2nd degree sprain

Answer 22

ligament partial rupture, strength decreases 50%, pain, some instability

Question 23

3rd degree sprain:

Answer 23

almost complete rupture, intense pain during injury minimal after, severe instability

no end feel

Question 24

true or false: Tendon mobilization prevents adhesions

Answer 24

Tendon mobilization prevents adhesions

Question 25

true or false: Loading is necessary for optimal tissue health. When loading and the subsequent degradation of tolerance are followed by a period of rest, an adaptive tissue response increases tolerance. Tissue “training” result from the optimal blend of art and science in medicine and tissue biomechanics.

Answer 25

true