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AII week 1 > Basic Science > Flashcards

Basic Science Flashcards

1
Q

Name the myeloid cells

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Eosinophils
  3. Basophils
  4. Monocytes (macrophages)
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2
Q

Name the lymphoid cells

A
  1. B (differentiate into plasma cells)
  2. T
  3. Natural killers
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3
Q

Function of plasma cells

A

Make and secrete antibodies

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4
Q

What are dendritic cells

A

Cells that are like macrophages (but are extensions of the plasma membrane). Process antigens and present it to the T cells. Messenger between innate and adaptive

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5
Q

Function of the dendritic cells

A

Phagocytosis in areas where internal and external environments meet (GI tract). Can also activate T-cells in secondary lymphoid organs.

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6
Q

What are mast cells derived from

A

Differentiation of unique bone marrow cells that have exited blood vessels to enter CT. They differentiate in the CT.

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7
Q

Where are mature mast cells NOT found

A

In the blood, because they must leave the blood and enter the CT in order to mature

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8
Q

What do mast cells secrete

A

Histamine

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9
Q

What cells play a role in adaptive immunity

A

B/T lymphocytes

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10
Q

Overall function of the myeloid cells (neutrophils, baso, etc)

A

Secrete inflammatory mediators and aid in phagocytosis

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11
Q

Where are the myeloid cells developed

A

Bone marrow

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12
Q

Where do B cells and NK cells mature

A

Bone marrow

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13
Q

Where do T cells mature

A

Thymus

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14
Q

Where are lymphocytes activated

A

Peripheral lymphoid organs

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15
Q

What is the function of neutrophils

A
  1. Release chemicals involved in inflammation

2. Phagocytosis

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16
Q

What is the function of Basophils

A

similar to mast cells. Release histamine and chemicals involved in inflammation

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17
Q

Function of Eosinophils

A
  1. Destroy parasites

2. Aid in immediate hypersensitivity reactions

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18
Q

Function of Monocytes

A

Phagocytosis when they become macrophages in tissue

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19
Q

How do B cells work (function)

A
  1. Initiate antibody immune response by binding to specific antigens (immunoglobulins, ex IgE)
  2. Once activated, they transform into plasma cells, which secrete antibodies
  3. Present antigent to helper T cells
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20
Q

Function of cytotoxic T cells

A

Bind to antigens on plasma membrane of target and destroy the cell

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21
Q

Function of helper T cells

A

Secrete cytokines that help activate B cells, NK cells, and macrophages

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22
Q

Function of NK cells

A

Bind directly to virus/cancer cells and kills them

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23
Q

Functions of macrophages

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Process and present antigens to helper T cells
  3. Secrete cytokines
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24
Q

Which cells are responsible for innate immunity

A
  1. Neutrophils
  2. Basophils
  3. Eosinophils
  4. Monocytes
  5. NK
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25
Q

How does the innate immunity system work

A

Recognizes carbs or lipids on an invading organism but does not need to recognize a specific antigen (pathogen they recognize is called a PAMP - pathogen associated molecular pattern)

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26
Q

Steps of inflammation

A
  1. Bacteria are introduced
  2. Chemical mediators (cytokines) cause vasodilation and recruit neutrophils
  3. Neutrophils enter tissue and eat bacteria (causes edema)
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27
Q

How does the adaptive immunity system work

A

Lymphocytes must recognize a specific foreign material by binding to an antigen.

28
Q

How does lymphocyte activation occur

A

The binding an antigen to a receptor

29
Q

What is clonal expansion

A

When a lymphocyte binds to an antigen it becomes active and undergoes multiple rounds of cell division. This means that many daughter lymphocytes develop from one progenitor and are identical in their ability to recognize a specific antigen

30
Q

How do T and B cells develop large number of receptors

A

Via clonal expansion (some cells will carry out attack responses while others become memory cells).

31
Q

How do plasma cells work

A

They send out antibodies that opsonize the foreign bacteria, which then are targeted by the innate system (neutrophils, basophils, etc)

32
Q

What are the secondary lymphoid organs

A
  1. Lymph nodes
  2. Spleen
  3. Tonsils
  4. Lymphocyte accumulation in GI respiratory, genital, and urinary tracts (mucosal linings)
33
Q

What are the primary lymphoid organs

A

Bone marrow and thymus

34
Q

What types of lymphocytes are in the primary lymphoid organs

A

Mature, but naive cells. They become activated once in the blood stream or in secondary lymphoid tissue

35
Q

Macrophages of the spleen are responsible for what

A

Eating old or used red blood cells

36
Q

How does most of the “trafficking” of lymphocytes occur

A

Lymphocytes leave the secondary lymphoid organs and enter the lymphatic vessels which are carried into the blood and then back into lymph nodes. Recirculation process that allows for a lymphocyte to encounter its specific antigen.

37
Q

What is unique about NK cells

A

They arise from bone marrow but unlike B and T cells they are not specific to a given antigen

38
Q

Humoral responses (B cell)

A

Are antibody mediated responses. Meaning they are activated by a chemical mediator (i.e. cytokine)

39
Q

Cell mediated (T-cell)

A

Responses that are regulated by cells (cytotoxic and helper T cells)

40
Q

What are B cell plasma antibodies called

A

Immunoglobulins

41
Q

What are immunoglobulins made of

A

4 interlinked polypeptide chains

2 heavy, 2 light chains

42
Q

What are the 5 classes of immunoglobulins

A

A, D, E, G, and M (these are determined by their chain sequence)

43
Q

Why are NK cells considered a part of adaptive immunity

A

Because their function is greatly enhanced by antibodies or cytokines that are secreted by helper T cells

44
Q

Immune tolerance

A

Lack of an immune responsiveness to self. The body knows not to attack itself based on 2 mechanisms: Clonal deletion and clonal inactivation. (body learns this over time)

45
Q

Atopy

A

A tendency to be hyper allergic. Typically presents as atopic dermatitis, allergic rhinitis, or asthma

46
Q

Active immunity

A

Immunity or resistance that is built up as a result of contact with an organism. Antibodies are produced as a direct reaction to the antigen.

47
Q

Passive immunity

A

Transfer of active or ready made antibodies from one individual to another. Usually occurs as a transfer from mom to baby via the placenta.

48
Q

Which classes of immunoglobulin is the most abundant and name their function

A
  1. IgG (gamma globulin) and IgM - fight against bacteria and viruses in EC fluid and serum.
  2. IgG is the only one that can cross the placenta
  3. IgM is the 1st antibody made after B-cell activation
49
Q

What is the function of the IgE immunoglobulins

A

Defense against parasites and mediate (or cause trouble) allergic responses

50
Q

What is the function of the IgA immunoglobulins

A

Secreted in the linings of the GI, resp., urinary tracts and act locally at these surfaces. Also secreted in mammary glands and are the major antibodies in milk.

51
Q

Opsonization

A

The antibodies coat the bacteria which then allows for phagocytosis from other cells (marks the cell as a target).

52
Q

Neutralization

A

Antibodies bind to an antigen which then deactivates or prevents the foreign object from doing its thing (only uses the “hands” of the antibody). Good for fighting viruses

53
Q

Complement activation

A

IgG and IgM help active the complement system which helps innate cells kill antigens more easily. The presence of the antibodies makes the cell “leaky” (MAC) which allows for phagocytosis.
3 results of complement - opsonization, cytolysis, inflammation

54
Q

How do vaccines work

A

Small quantity of living or dead pathogen is injected which creates an active immune response. The body builds up antibodies.

55
Q

Steps or course of an antibody response

A
  1. Bacteria enters blood or lymphatic vessel
  2. Bacterial antigen binds to a specific receptor on plasma membrane of B cell (activation) - will make a small amount of IgM initially
  3. B cell differentiates into plasma cells or memory B cells
  4. Plasma cells secrete antibody (usually IgG)
  5. Antibody circulates all over body via the blood
  6. Antibody binds with antigen on the surface of bacteria
56
Q

What is a Type I hypersensitivity (allergy)

A

Immediate. Anaphylactic reactions that are IgE mediated. IgE binds to mast cells or basophil which then release a large amount of histamine

57
Q

What is a Type II hypersensitivity

A

Cytotoxic hypersensitivity. IgG/IgM mediated. These antibodies (bound to antigen in tissue) lead to damage or destruction of cells in tissue and is often seen in hemolytic diseases.

58
Q

What is a Type III hypersensitivity

A

Immune-complex hypersensitivity. Too much antigen-antibody complex formation. These complexes activate the complement system which induces an excessive inflammatory response (within solution). Often occurs in vessel walls and kidneys.

59
Q

What is a Type IV hypersensitivity

A

Delayed hypersensitivity. Independent of antibodies. Mediated by an increased secretion of cytokines by helper T cells (activates macrophages)

60
Q

Symptoms of Type I (IgE mediated)

A
  1. hay fever - congestion, runny nose, sneezing, difficulty breathing (increased blood flow, swelling of epithelial lining and smooth muscle contraction
  2. Anaphylaxis - Severe hypotension and bronchiolar constriction
  3. Atopy - dermatitis, asthma, allergic rhinitis
61
Q

Examples of pathology caused by Type II hypersensitivity

A
  1. Hemolytic anemia
  2. Thrombocytopenia
  3. Graves disease
62
Q

Examples of pathology caused by Type III hypersensitivity

A
  1. Poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis (PSGN)
  2. Serum sickness
  3. Autoimmune disease - lupus
63
Q

Attenuated vaccine (live)

A

Vaccine that has a reduced virulence load but is still alive

64
Q

Inactivated vaccine

A

Vaccine that has bacterial/viral particles that were grown in culture and then killed.

65
Q

Conjugate vaccine (subunit/polysaccharide)

A

Vaccine that is made by covalently attaching a polysaccharide antigen to a carrier protein which then confers the immune attributes of the carrier to the attached antigen

66
Q

Toxoid vaccine (inactivated toxin)

A

Vaccine that contains a harmless toxoid (i.e. endotoxins of bacteria) and learns how to fight off the natural toxin. Ex: tetanus and diptheria

AII week 1 (4 decks)

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