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Pharmacology > Basic Principles of Pharmacology > Flashcards

Basic Principles of Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Drug

A

Any chem that can affect the living processes

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2
Q

Pharmacology

A

Study of drugs & their interactions w/living sys

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3
Q

Therapeutics

A

The use of drugs to diagnose/prevent/treat disease or to prevent pregnancy

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4
Q

Objective of Drug Therapy

A

Provide max benefit w/ min harm

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5
Q

Properties of an Ideal Drug

A

Effectiveness, Safety, & Selectivity

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6
Q

Effective

A

Elicits response for which it is given

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7
Q

Safety

A

Cannot prod harmful effects

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8
Q

True or False (T/F): Not all drugs have the ability to cause harm.

A

F; ALL drugs have the ability to cause injury (especially for those w/increased doses/time infusing)

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9
Q

Selectivity

A

Elicits ONLY response for which it is given

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10
Q

Additional Properties of an Ideal Drug

A
  1. Reversible action
  2. Predictability
  3. Ease of administration
  4. Freedom from drug interactions
  5. Low cost
  6. Chemical stability
  7. Simple generic name
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11
Q

What should an ideal drug be able to do, in terms of, ease of administration?

A

Route of administration should be convenient & dose should be low

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12
Q

What are some advantages for a drug that has a convenient route of administration?

A

Can enhance patient adherence & decrease risk for adverse reactions

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13
Q

Does chemical instability increase or decrease a drug’s efficacy?

A

Decreases drug efficacy (can decrease if put in improper storage/put in a soln)

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14
Q

Factors that Determine the Intensity of Drug Responses

A

1) Administration (Dose, route, & time)

2) Pharmacokinetics (ADME)

3) Pharmacodynamics

4) Individual Variation (Drug interactions, physiologic variables, pathologic variables, genetic variables)

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15
Q

Steps in Preadministration Assessment

A

1) Collect baseline data (help eval therapeutic &adverse resp)

2) Identify High-Risk Patients via px hx, phys exam, lab data

3) Assess patient capacity for self care

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16
Q

Example of Preadministration Assessment

A

Measuring patient’s BP prior to administrating antihypertensive agents

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17
Q

Predisposing Factors for High-Risk Patients

A

1) Pathophysiology (liver & kidney impairment)

2) Genetic factors

3) Drug allergies

4) Lifespan considerations

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18
Q

Federal Pure Food and Drug Act

A

Set standards for drug quality & purity, in addition to strength

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19
Q

Food, Drug, & Cosmetic Act

A

All medications must be tested for safety, w/ results reviewed by FDA

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20
Q

Harris-Kefauver Agreements

A

Medications must be proven effective before marketing

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21
Q

Controlled Substance Act

A

Rules made for categorizing medications w/ potential for abuse

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22
Q

BPCA & PREA

A

Promote research in drug safety and efficacy in children w/ clinical trials

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23
Q

FDA Amendments Act

A

Include rigorous oversight of drug safety after approval

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24
Q

Schedule I Drugs

A
  • High Potential for abuse
  • No currently accepted medical use or treatment in US
  • Lack of accepted safety
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25
Q

Schedule II Drugs

A
  • High potential for abuse
  • Currently accepted medical use in the U.S.
  • Abuse may lead to severe psych/phys dependence
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26
Q

Schedule III Drugs

A
  • Potential for abuse less than Schedule I & II drugs
  • Currently accepted medical use in the U.S.
  • Abuse may lead to mod/low physical dependence or high psych dependence
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27
Q

Schedule IV Drugs

A
  • Lower potential for abuse < Schedule III Drugs
  • Currently accepted medical use in the US
  • Abuse may lead to lim phys/psychological dependence relative to schedule III substances
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28
Q

Schedule V Drugs

A
  • Low potential for abuse rel to Schedule IV Drugs
  • Currently accepted medical use in the U.S.
  • Abuse may lead to limited phys/psych dependence rel to schedule IV drugs
  • May be dispensed w/out medical reason
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29
Q

Random Controlled Trial (RCT)

A

Most reliable way to objectively assess drug therapies

30
Q

3 Distinguishing Features of RCTs

A

1) Use of Controls

2) Randomization

3) Blinding

31
Q

What is the purpose of using controls, randomization, and blinding in RCTs?

A

Minim the influence of personal bias on the results

32
Q

In RCTs some subjects are given the ____ and others the ___.

A

new drug, standard treatment (placebo)

33
Q

Control

A

Subject given the standard treatment/placebo

34
Q

What is the purpose of randomization in RCTs?

A

Prevent allocation bias where subjects in the experimental group are different fro those in the control group

35
Q

Blinded study

A

Clinical trial in which the patient (single-blind) or patient and investigator (double-blind) are unaware of which treatment the patient receives

36
Q

Stages of New Drug Development

A

1) Preclinical testing

2) Clinical testing

-Phase II

-Phase III

3) Phase IV: Postmarketing Surveillance

37
Q

Preclinical Testing Phase

A

Drugs eval for toxicities, pharmacokinetic prop, & potentially useful bio effects (takes 1-5 yrs)

-Tested on animals

Sufficient data obtained-> request FDA for permission to test in humans

-If granted-> get Investigational New Drug (IND) status

38
Q

Clinical Testing Phase I

A

Can begin testing in healthy volunteers

Tests: Metabolism, pharmacokinetics, & biologic effects

39
Q

Clinical Testing Phase II

A

Can begin testing in patients (500-5,000 receive it)

Tests for therapeutic utility & dosage range

40
Q

Clinical Testing Phase III

A

Continue testing in patients

Tests for safety & efficacy

Upon completion-> applies to FDA for conditional approval of New Drug Application

41
Q

Clinical Testing Phase IV: Postmarketing Surveillance

A

New drug is rel for gen use

Permits observation in large pop

42
Q

Limitations in Testing Procedure for New Drug Development

A

1) Very limit info on med safety in women & children

2) Possibility of undetected adverse effects after going into the market

43
Q

Medication Chemical Name

A

Describes med using chem nomenclature

44
Q

Example of Med Chemical Name for Acetominophen

A

N-acetyl-para-aminophenol

45
Q

Medication Generic Name

A

Name of drug assigned by US Adopted Names Council that is less complex than chemical name

46
Q

Example of Medication Generic Name

A

Acetaminophen

47
Q

Medication Trade Name

A

Name under which a drug is marketed under for ease of use and recall

48
Q

Example of Med Trade Name for Acetominophen

A

Tylenol, Ofirmev, & APAP

49
Q

Pharmacokinetics (ADME)

A

What the body does to the drug

50
Q

Pharmacokinetics: Absorption

A

Movement from site of administration to bloodstream

51
Q

What does the rate of absorption determine?

A

How soon effects will begin

52
Q

What does the amount of absorption determine?

A

How intense the drug effects will be

53
Q

What does the route of administration affect?

A

Rate & amnt of absorption

54
Q

What are factors that can affect absorption?

A

1) Rate of dissolution

2) Surface Area

3) Lipid solubility

4) pH partitioning

55
Q

Oral Med Administration (Capsules, Tablets) Barriers

A

Epithel lining of GI tract & capillary wall-> absorption is slow & variable

56
Q

Advantages of Oral Med Administration

A

Easy & convenient to administer

Inexpensive & ideal for self-medication

Potentially reversible

57
Q

Disadvantages of Oral Med Admin

A

Variability

Inactiv by gastric acid & digestive enzymes (possible N/V)

Patient must be conscious & cooperative

58
Q

Sublingual & Buccal Med Administration Barriers & Absorption Pattern

A

Swallowing before dissoln allows gastric pH to inactiv med

Absorption pattern: Quick absorption syst via increased vascular membranes

59
Q

Other Mucous Membrane Meds (Rectal/Vaginal) Barriers & Absorption Pattern

A

Barriers to absorption: Presc of stool in the rectum in the vagina limits tiss contract

Absorption pattern: Easy absorption w/ both local & systemic effects

60
Q

Inhalation Med Barriers & Patterns of Absorption

A

Barriers to absorption: Inspiratory effort

Absorption pattern: Rapid absorption via alveolar capillary networks

61
Q

IM & SQ Med Absorption Barriers & Pattern

A

Only barrier is capillary wall

Rapid absorption w/H2O sol drugs

62
Q

IM & SQ Med Admin Advantages

A

Permits use of poorly soluble drugs & depot prep

63
Q

IM & SQ Med Admin Disadvantages

A

Uncomfortable/possib painful

Inconvenient w/potential for injury

64
Q

IV Med Absorption

A

Instantaneous absorption w/no barriers

65
Q

IV Med Admin Advantages

A

Rapid onset

Permits use of large vol & irritant drugs

66
Q

IV Med Admin Disadvantages

A

Irrev, inconvenient, & expensive

Not suited for self admin

Risk for fluid overload, infection, & embolism

Drugs must be H2O soluble

67
Q

Pharmacokinetics: Distribution

A

Mvmnt of drugs into cells

68
Q

Factors that Affect Distribution

A

1) Circulation

2) Cell membrane permeability

3) Plasma-protein binding

69
Q

How does circulation affect distribution?

A

Conditions that inhibit blood flow delay med distribution

70
Q

How does cell membrane permeability affect distribution?

A

Meds must be able to pass via tiss & membrane to reach target area

71
Q

How does plasma-protein binding affect distribution?

A

The ability of a med to bind to a protein can affect how much the med will leave & travel to target tissues

72
Q

Malnourishment & liver pathology can (increase/decrease) albumin stores?

A

They can decrease albumin stores

Pharmacology (3 decks)

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