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Pharmacology Test 1 > Basic Principles of Pharm (1) > Flashcards

Basic Principles of Pharm (1) Flashcards

1
Q

Total body water is comprised of ____________ and ____________ compartments, divided by a _____________. Extra cellular fluid is comprised of ____________ and _____________, divided by a ____________.

A

Intracellular fluid

extracellular fluid

cell membrane

Interstitial fluid

plasma

capillary wall

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2
Q

Total body weight in (kg) is comprised of ______% non water mass and ________% total body water (L). Total body water (L) contains ____ extracellular fluid and _____ intercellular fluid Extracellular fluid contains ______ plasma volume and ______ interstitial volume

A

35%

65%

1/3

2/3

1/4

3/4

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3
Q

TBW (Total body water) for:

Men?

Women?

Newborns?

Why do women have less total body water?

Why is total body water amount reduced as we age?

A

60%

50%

70%

A: Women have more fat, and fat is low in water

A: Advanced age is associated with increased fat content

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4
Q

Intracellular Fluid (ICF) ICF is _____ of total body water

What is the major cation?

What are the major anions (2)?

Total body water is _____% of body weight

What % of ICF is total body weight?

A

2/3

Potassium (K)

Protein and organic phosphate

60%

40%

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5
Q

Extracellular Fluid (ECF) ECF is ____ of total body water

ECF is comprised of ______ and _______

Plasma is ____ of ECF

Interstitial Fluid is _____ of ECF

What is the major cation?

What are the major anions?

What percent of ECF is total body weight?

A

1/3

Interstitial Fluid and Plasma

1/4

3/4

Sodium

Cl and HCO3

20%

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6
Q

Assume daily water intake is ~2.5L, how much of that water is excreted as urine? As sweat? As feces?

A

1.5 L excreted as urine

100 mL lost in sweat

100 mL lost in feces

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7
Q

Lungs and Water

All gases inhaled are saturated with __________

This water vapor is exhaled and accounts for a daily loss of about ____-____

Insensible water loss from lungs is greatest in what type of environment and why?

Insensible water loss from lungs is least in what type of environment and why?

A

Water vapor

300-400 mL

Water loss greater in cold environment because the water content of inhaled gases decreases with colder temperatures

Water loss reduced in warm environment

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8
Q

Lungs and Water (Continued)

Water content of inhaled gases _________ with _________ in ambient air temperature

How much water do we lose daily via diffusion through the skin? (NOT counting sweat)

What happens to total body water as we age?

A

Decreases with decreases in air temperature

400 mL, but the water loss is limited by the mostly impermeable layer of the skin

Total body water decreases with age

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9
Q

Plasma (Noncellular portion of the blood)

What is total blood volume?

Average blood volume that is plasma?

Average blood volume that is erythrocytes?

Plasma is in __________ ___________ with interstitial fluid through pores in the ___________

A

5L

3L

2L

Dynamic equilibrium

Capillaries

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10
Q

Constituents of Body Fluid

Is interstitial fluid high or low in protein compared to plasma and intracellular fluid?

Extracellular ions?

Intracellular ions?

This unequal distribution of ions results in a potential _________ difference across cell membranes

A

Low in protein

Mostly Na and Cl

Mostly K (90%)

Voltage difference

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11
Q

Body Fluid

Normal amount of Na+ in the body?

Normal amount of K+ in the body?

Serum Na level?

Serum K+ level?

A

58 mEq/kg

45 mEq/kg

137-142 mEq/L

3.5-5.5 mEq/L

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12
Q

Osmosis

A

PP slides 14 and 15

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13
Q

Osmolarity

The concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution

Isosmotic = Equal osmolarity

Hyper-osmotic = higher osmolarity

Hypo-osmotic = lower osmolarity

The major non-electrolytes of plasma are _______ and ________?

A

Glucose and Urea

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14
Q

Plasma Osmolarity Formula

A

2 (Na+) + 0.055 (glucose) + 0.36 (BUN)

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15
Q

Osmality is measured in ____, but osmolarity is measured in _______.

A

Kg, liters (Will use Osmolarity- liter measurements most often)

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16
Q

Why is plasma osmolarity important?

A

Plasma osmolarity is important in evaluating dehydration, over hydration, and electrolyte abnormalities

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17
Q

Normal range of plasma osmolarity and what ions contribute to osmolarity?

A

270-290 mOsm/L

Na+, Cl, and bicarbonate

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18
Q

How does osmosis work? Osmotic pressure ________ when solute concentration __________

A

Water flows across a semi permeable membrane from a solution of low solute concentration (high water concentration) to a solution of high solute concentration (low water concentration)

Increases, Increases

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19
Q

When might water loss via the skin become greater?

A

A: When the skin barrier is interrupted, such as after a burn injury. Water loss would be greatly increased.

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20
Q

Cell Membrane Composition

Name the three phospholipids that comprise the cell membrane?

(SAL)

A

Sphingomyelins

Amino phospholipids

Lecithins

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21
Q

Cell Membrane Composition

Name the five proteins that comprise the cell membrane?

(TIRES)

A

Transport proteins (Na+/K+ APTase)

Ion channels

Receptors

Enzymes (adenylate cylase)

Structural proteins (microtubules)

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22
Q

Role of Proteins

They provide _____ to a cell membrane

Defined by mode of association with the _____ bilayer

______: Channels, Pores, Carriers, Enzymes

_______: Enzymes, Intracellular signal mediators

A

Specificity

Lipid

Integral

Peripheral

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23
Q

Carbohydrates

____ charge of carbohydrate repels other _____ charges

Involved in ____-____ attachments

Plays a role in _____ reactions

A

Negative, Negative

Cell-cell

Immune

24
Q

Carbohydrates

The _______ is a thick outer covering of the plasma membrane

It is composed of strands of ______ and _____ bound together. The result is a thick, sticky layer that helps _____ stay put in environments with a lot of physical stress

A

Glycocalyx

Sugars, Proteins

Cells

25
Q

Cholesterol

Present in cell ______

Decreases membrane ______ and _______ (except in plasma membrane)

Increases membrane _______ and _______

A

Membranes

Fluidity, Permeability

Flexibility, Stability

26
Q

Cell Membranes

Each cell is surrounded by a lipid _____, acting as a permeability barrier, allowing the cell to maintain a cytoplasmic composition different from extracellular fluid

______ and ______ are the most abundant constitutents of cell membranes

A

Bilayer

Proteins, Phospholipids

27
Q

Cell Membranes

The lipid bilayer is interspersed with large ______ proteins

Lipid bilayer of cell membranes is readily ______ to ______, both through ______ diffusion and through _______ (specialized proteins in the membrane that function as water channels

A

Globular

Permeable, Water

Passive, Aquaporins

28
Q

Cell Membranes

Lipid bilayers are nearly ______ to water soluble substances, such as ____ and ______

Conversely, ____-soluble substances such as _____ and _____ readily cross cell membranes

A

Impermeable, Ions and Glucose

Fat-soluble, Steroids and Gases

29
Q

Cell Membranes

There are _____ proteins (microtubules) and ______ proteins (Na+/K+ ATPAse) that function as pumps, actively transporting ions across cell membranes

Other proteins function as _____ channels for ions, which can be opened or closed by changes in the ________ of the protein

A

Structural, Transport

Passive

Conformation

30
Q

Cell Membranes

There are _____ that function as _____ to bind ligands such as ______ or _________, thus initiating physiologic changes inside cells

There are _____ that function as ______ (adenylate cyclase), catalyzing reactions at the surface of the cell membranes

______ structure varies from cell to cell

A

Proteins, Receptors

Hormones, Neurotransmitters

Proteins, Enzymes

Protein

31
Q

Diffusion

Which gases move through the cell through simple diffusion, through the lipid bilayer?

_____ is able to diffuse through cells, but not as freely as _____

_____ generally diffuse readily through the lipid bilayer

A

O2, CO2, Nitrogen

Water, Gases

Lipids

32
Q

Diffusion

Cell membranes are virutally ______ to ions and charged water-soluble molecules, especially those with molecular weights of ___________

Poorly lipid-soluble substances may pass through lipid bilayers by ______ diffusion. Examples of such subtances are?

A

Impermeable, > 200 Daltons

Facilitated

Glucose and Amino Acids

33
Q

Diffusion

Glucose combines with a carrier ___ (sodium cotransport system) to form a complex that is lipid soluble

This complex can _____ to the interior of the cell membrane, where _____ is released into the cytoplasm and the carrier moves back to the exterior of the cell, where it becomes available to transport more glucose from the ECF

A

Na+

Diffuse, Glucose

34
Q

Diffusion

_____ greatly speeds facilitated diffusion of ______ and some _____ _____ across cell membranes

A

Insulin

Glucose, Amino Acids

35
Q

Endocytosis & Exocytosis

_____ molecules such as nutrients across cell membranes _____ the molecule actually passing through the cell membrane

_______ uptake of particulate matter such as bacteria, damaged cells

______ uptake of materials in solution in the extracellular fluid

A

Transfers, Without

Phagocytosis

Pinocytosis

36
Q

Phagocytosis

Initiated when _____ attach to damaged tissue and ______ substances (opsonization), facilitating binding to ______ proteins on the cell suface and endocytosis

Fusion of phagocytic or pinocytic vesicles with ______ allows intracellular digestion of materials to proceed

A

Antibodies, Foreign, Specialized

Lysosomes

37
Q

Sodium-Potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase

  1. Functions as a _____ transporter
  2. Helps to maintain ______ equilibrium
  3. Responsible for transmembrane ______ potential
  4. Creates ______ gradient responsible for action potential propagation
A

Na+/K+

Oncotic

Electrical

Sodium

38
Q

Sodium-Potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase

The sodium-potassium pump is an ___ dependent transporter on the cell membrane that ejects __ Na+ ions from the cell in exchange for the import of __ K+ ions

This action maintains _____ equilibrium across the cell membrane, reducing the number of intracelluar ions to balance the large number of protein and other intracellular constituents

A

ATP, 3, 2

Oncotic

39
Q

Sodium-Potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase

Also responsible for transmembrane ______ potential: creating a net _____ charge on the outside of the cell from the excess _____ Na+ ions outside compared to the number of _____ K+ ions inside

A

Electrical

Positive, Positive, Positive

40
Q

Sodium-Potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase

Creates the _____ gradient responsible for propagation of the action potential and the ______ gradient that rapidly restores the ______ membrane potential after conduction of an action potential

In the brain, the sodium-potassium pump accounts for nearly ___ of energy consumption

A

Sodium, Potassium, Resting

50%

41
Q

Other Transporters

______- potassium ATPAses in gastric mucosa and renal tubules

______ ATPases are responsible for maintaining very low _____ concentrations of ______ either by ejecting _____ from the cell or sequestering calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum via the ________-_________ reticulum calcium ATPases

A

Hydrogen

Calcium, Calcium, Calcium

Sarcoplasmic-Endoplasmic

42
Q

Ion Channels

______ proteins that generate electrical signals in the brain, nerves, heart, and skeletal muscles

Ion channels used the energy stored in the chemical and electrical gradients created by the _______ to rapidly initiate changes in the _______ potential, causing conduction of an ______ potential

A

Transmembrane

Na+/K+ Pump

Transmembrane

Action

43
Q

Ion Channels

Most ions are relatively ______ in cell membranes, and passage is thought to occur via _____ channels

Some channels allow only _____ ions to pass, such as Na+ and K+, while others allow ions below a certain ____ to pass

A

Insoluble, Protein

Specific, Size

44
Q

Ion Channel Defects

Defective gene _____ can lead to diseases such as:

(5 Total)

A

Coding

Cystic Fibrosis (Chloride channel defects)

Long QT Interval syndrome (mutant potassium or sodium channels)

Hereditary Nephrolithiasis (Chloride channel defect)

Hereditary myopathies (Chloride channel defect)

Malignant Hyperthermia (Calcium channel defect)

45
Q

Protein Mediated Transport

Responsible for movement of specific ______ across cell membrane

_______ is responsible for moving any drugs across the cell membrane, including the transport of _____ out of the CNS, slowing the rate of rise of _____ in the CNS

A

Substrates

P-Glycoprotein

Morphine, Morphine

46
Q

Protein Mediated Transport

Virtually all transport of molecules against concentration gradients require _____ which use ____ to pump the molecule against the concentration gradient

_________ pump is the most important out of all the ATPases

A

Proteins, ATP

Sodium-Potassium

47
Q

Sodium Ion Co-Transport

_____ transport of sodium ions in some tissues has to be ______ to transport of other substances

In the GI tract and renal tubules, _____ ions only transport _____ ions when combined with ______

This returns the glucose to the circulation, preventing its _______

A

Active, Coupled

Sodium, Sodium, Glucose

Excretion

48
Q

Sodium Ion Co-Transport

Sodium ion cotransport of amino acids is an _____ transport mechanism that supplements facilitated _____ of amino acids into the cell

Epithelial cells lining the GI tract and renal tubules _____ amino acids into the circulation, thus preventing _____

A

Active, Diffusion

Reabsorb, Excretion

49
Q

Aquaporins

______ channels that permit free flux of _____ across the cell membrane

Genetic defects in aquaporins are responsible for some diseases. Name two of these.

A

Protein, Water

Some cases of congenital cataracts

Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus

50
Q

Nucleus of Cell

Comprised of __ chromosomes (except nucleus of an egg, which only contains __ )

Each chromosome consists of a molecule of ____ covered with ______

The nucleus has a ______, separating it from the cytoplasm

A

46, 23

DNA, Proteins

Membrane

51
Q

Nucleus of Cell

Substances such as ____ pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm

The _______ is a non-membrane bound structure within the nucleus, responsible for the _____ of ribosomes

_______ present in the cytoplasm near the nucleus aid in movement of ________ during cell division

A

RNA

Nucleolus, Synthesis

Centrioles, Chromosomes

52
Q

Mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell

More active cells contain _____ mitochondria

Contain an _____ transport chain

Convert ____ into _____ in the form of ____ via the process of ______ _________

Mitochondrial diseases come from ______ inheritance

A

More

Electron

Food, Energy, ATP

Maternal

53
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Network of ______ where proteins are processed

Site of intracellular _____ storage

Found in _____ cells where it serves as a resovoir for ______

______ has no ribosomes; it is responsible for the synthesis of _____ and metabolism of ______

______ has ribosomes

A

Microtubules

Calcium

Muscle, Calcium

Smooth ER, Lipids, Carbohydrates

Rough ER

54
Q

Lysosomes

______ system of the cell: filled with ______ (hydrolytic) enzymes

Allows ______ of bacteria: bactericidal substances in the _______ kill phagocytized bacteria before they can cause cellular damage

A

Digestive, Digestive

Phagocytosis, Lysosome

55
Q

Lysosomes

Also remove damaged _____

50 known lysosomal storage diseases. Name three.

A

Tissues

Tay-Sachs

Gaucher (Go-Shay)

Niemann-Pick disease

56
Q

Golgi Apparatus

______ functions

Final center for _____

Proteins synthesized in the rough ER are transported to the golgi apparatus where they are stored in highly concentrated packets called _____ _____

A

Secretory

Packing

Secretory Vesicles

57
Q

Golgi Apparatus

Secretory vesicles are released into the cytoplasm or transported to the surface for ______ release via _______

The golgi apparatus is also responsible for creating _______

A

Extracellular, Exocytosis

Lysosomes

Pharmacology Test 1 (3 decks)

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