Basic Principles of Pharm (1) Flashcards
Total body water is comprised of ____________ and ____________ compartments, divided by a _____________. Extra cellular fluid is comprised of ____________ and _____________, divided by a ____________.
Intracellular fluid
extracellular fluid
cell membrane
Interstitial fluid
plasma
capillary wall
Total body weight in (kg) is comprised of ______% non water mass and ________% total body water (L). Total body water (L) contains ____ extracellular fluid and _____ intercellular fluid Extracellular fluid contains ______ plasma volume and ______ interstitial volume
35%
65%
1/3
2/3
1/4
3/4
TBW (Total body water) for:
Men?
Women?
Newborns?
Why do women have less total body water?
Why is total body water amount reduced as we age?
60%
50%
70%
A: Women have more fat, and fat is low in water
A: Advanced age is associated with increased fat content
Intracellular Fluid (ICF) ICF is _____ of total body water
What is the major cation?
What are the major anions (2)?
Total body water is _____% of body weight
What % of ICF is total body weight?
2/3
Potassium (K)
Protein and organic phosphate
60%
40%
Extracellular Fluid (ECF) ECF is ____ of total body water
ECF is comprised of ______ and _______
Plasma is ____ of ECF
Interstitial Fluid is _____ of ECF
What is the major cation?
What are the major anions?
What percent of ECF is total body weight?
1/3
Interstitial Fluid and Plasma
1/4
3/4
Sodium
Cl and HCO3
20%
Assume daily water intake is ~2.5L, how much of that water is excreted as urine? As sweat? As feces?
1.5 L excreted as urine
100 mL lost in sweat
100 mL lost in feces
Lungs and Water
All gases inhaled are saturated with __________
This water vapor is exhaled and accounts for a daily loss of about ____-____
Insensible water loss from lungs is greatest in what type of environment and why?
Insensible water loss from lungs is least in what type of environment and why?
Water vapor
300-400 mL
Water loss greater in cold environment because the water content of inhaled gases decreases with colder temperatures
Water loss reduced in warm environment
Lungs and Water (Continued)
Water content of inhaled gases _________ with _________ in ambient air temperature
How much water do we lose daily via diffusion through the skin? (NOT counting sweat)
What happens to total body water as we age?
Decreases with decreases in air temperature
400 mL, but the water loss is limited by the mostly impermeable layer of the skin
Total body water decreases with age
Plasma (Noncellular portion of the blood)
What is total blood volume?
Average blood volume that is plasma?
Average blood volume that is erythrocytes?
Plasma is in __________ ___________ with interstitial fluid through pores in the ___________
5L
3L
2L
Dynamic equilibrium
Capillaries
Constituents of Body Fluid
Is interstitial fluid high or low in protein compared to plasma and intracellular fluid?
Extracellular ions?
Intracellular ions?
This unequal distribution of ions results in a potential _________ difference across cell membranes
Low in protein
Mostly Na and Cl
Mostly K (90%)
Voltage difference
Body Fluid
Normal amount of Na+ in the body?
Normal amount of K+ in the body?
Serum Na level?
Serum K+ level?
58 mEq/kg
45 mEq/kg
137-142 mEq/L
3.5-5.5 mEq/L
Osmosis
PP slides 14 and 15
Osmolarity
The concentration of osmotically active particles in a solution
Isosmotic = Equal osmolarity
Hyper-osmotic = higher osmolarity
Hypo-osmotic = lower osmolarity
The major non-electrolytes of plasma are _______ and ________?
Glucose and Urea
Plasma Osmolarity Formula
2 (Na+) + 0.055 (glucose) + 0.36 (BUN)
Osmality is measured in ____, but osmolarity is measured in _______.
Kg, liters (Will use Osmolarity- liter measurements most often)
Why is plasma osmolarity important?
Plasma osmolarity is important in evaluating dehydration, over hydration, and electrolyte abnormalities
Normal range of plasma osmolarity and what ions contribute to osmolarity?
270-290 mOsm/L
Na+, Cl, and bicarbonate
How does osmosis work? Osmotic pressure ________ when solute concentration __________
Water flows across a semi permeable membrane from a solution of low solute concentration (high water concentration) to a solution of high solute concentration (low water concentration)
Increases, Increases
When might water loss via the skin become greater?
A: When the skin barrier is interrupted, such as after a burn injury. Water loss would be greatly increased.
Cell Membrane Composition
Name the three phospholipids that comprise the cell membrane?
(SAL)
Sphingomyelins
Amino phospholipids
Lecithins
Cell Membrane Composition
Name the five proteins that comprise the cell membrane?
(TIRES)
Transport proteins (Na+/K+ APTase)
Ion channels
Receptors
Enzymes (adenylate cylase)
Structural proteins (microtubules)
Role of Proteins
They provide _____ to a cell membrane
Defined by mode of association with the _____ bilayer
______: Channels, Pores, Carriers, Enzymes
_______: Enzymes, Intracellular signal mediators
Specificity
Lipid
Integral
Peripheral
Carbohydrates
____ charge of carbohydrate repels other _____ charges
Involved in ____-____ attachments
Plays a role in _____ reactions
Negative, Negative
Cell-cell
Immune
Carbohydrates
The _______ is a thick outer covering of the plasma membrane
It is composed of strands of ______ and _____ bound together. The result is a thick, sticky layer that helps _____ stay put in environments with a lot of physical stress
Glycocalyx
Sugars, Proteins
Cells
Cholesterol
Present in cell ______
Decreases membrane ______ and _______ (except in plasma membrane)
Increases membrane _______ and _______
Membranes
Fluidity, Permeability
Flexibility, Stability
Cell Membranes
Each cell is surrounded by a lipid _____, acting as a permeability barrier, allowing the cell to maintain a cytoplasmic composition different from extracellular fluid
______ and ______ are the most abundant constitutents of cell membranes
Bilayer
Proteins, Phospholipids
Cell Membranes
The lipid bilayer is interspersed with large ______ proteins
Lipid bilayer of cell membranes is readily ______ to ______, both through ______ diffusion and through _______ (specialized proteins in the membrane that function as water channels
Globular
Permeable, Water
Passive, Aquaporins
Cell Membranes
Lipid bilayers are nearly ______ to water soluble substances, such as ____ and ______
Conversely, ____-soluble substances such as _____ and _____ readily cross cell membranes
Impermeable, Ions and Glucose
Fat-soluble, Steroids and Gases
Cell Membranes
There are _____ proteins (microtubules) and ______ proteins (Na+/K+ ATPAse) that function as pumps, actively transporting ions across cell membranes
Other proteins function as _____ channels for ions, which can be opened or closed by changes in the ________ of the protein
Structural, Transport
Passive
Conformation
Cell Membranes
There are _____ that function as _____ to bind ligands such as ______ or _________, thus initiating physiologic changes inside cells
There are _____ that function as ______ (adenylate cyclase), catalyzing reactions at the surface of the cell membranes
______ structure varies from cell to cell
Proteins, Receptors
Hormones, Neurotransmitters
Proteins, Enzymes
Protein
Diffusion
Which gases move through the cell through simple diffusion, through the lipid bilayer?
_____ is able to diffuse through cells, but not as freely as _____
_____ generally diffuse readily through the lipid bilayer
O2, CO2, Nitrogen
Water, Gases
Lipids
Diffusion
Cell membranes are virutally ______ to ions and charged water-soluble molecules, especially those with molecular weights of ___________
Poorly lipid-soluble substances may pass through lipid bilayers by ______ diffusion. Examples of such subtances are?
Impermeable, > 200 Daltons
Facilitated
Glucose and Amino Acids
Diffusion
Glucose combines with a carrier ___ (sodium cotransport system) to form a complex that is lipid soluble
This complex can _____ to the interior of the cell membrane, where _____ is released into the cytoplasm and the carrier moves back to the exterior of the cell, where it becomes available to transport more glucose from the ECF
Na+
Diffuse, Glucose
Diffusion
_____ greatly speeds facilitated diffusion of ______ and some _____ _____ across cell membranes
Insulin
Glucose, Amino Acids
Endocytosis & Exocytosis
_____ molecules such as nutrients across cell membranes _____ the molecule actually passing through the cell membrane
_______ uptake of particulate matter such as bacteria, damaged cells
______ uptake of materials in solution in the extracellular fluid
Transfers, Without
Phagocytosis
Pinocytosis
Phagocytosis
Initiated when _____ attach to damaged tissue and ______ substances (opsonization), facilitating binding to ______ proteins on the cell suface and endocytosis
Fusion of phagocytic or pinocytic vesicles with ______ allows intracellular digestion of materials to proceed
Antibodies, Foreign, Specialized
Lysosomes
Sodium-Potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase
- Functions as a _____ transporter
- Helps to maintain ______ equilibrium
- Responsible for transmembrane ______ potential
- Creates ______ gradient responsible for action potential propagation
Na+/K+
Oncotic
Electrical
Sodium
Sodium-Potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase
The sodium-potassium pump is an ___ dependent transporter on the cell membrane that ejects __ Na+ ions from the cell in exchange for the import of __ K+ ions
This action maintains _____ equilibrium across the cell membrane, reducing the number of intracelluar ions to balance the large number of protein and other intracellular constituents
ATP, 3, 2
Oncotic
Sodium-Potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase
Also responsible for transmembrane ______ potential: creating a net _____ charge on the outside of the cell from the excess _____ Na+ ions outside compared to the number of _____ K+ ions inside
Electrical
Positive, Positive, Positive
Sodium-Potassium Adenosine Triphosphatase
Creates the _____ gradient responsible for propagation of the action potential and the ______ gradient that rapidly restores the ______ membrane potential after conduction of an action potential
In the brain, the sodium-potassium pump accounts for nearly ___ of energy consumption
Sodium, Potassium, Resting
50%
Other Transporters
______- potassium ATPAses in gastric mucosa and renal tubules
______ ATPases are responsible for maintaining very low _____ concentrations of ______ either by ejecting _____ from the cell or sequestering calcium in the endoplasmic reticulum via the ________-_________ reticulum calcium ATPases
Hydrogen
Calcium, Calcium, Calcium
Sarcoplasmic-Endoplasmic
Ion Channels
______ proteins that generate electrical signals in the brain, nerves, heart, and skeletal muscles
Ion channels used the energy stored in the chemical and electrical gradients created by the _______ to rapidly initiate changes in the _______ potential, causing conduction of an ______ potential
Transmembrane
Na+/K+ Pump
Transmembrane
Action
Ion Channels
Most ions are relatively ______ in cell membranes, and passage is thought to occur via _____ channels
Some channels allow only _____ ions to pass, such as Na+ and K+, while others allow ions below a certain ____ to pass
Insoluble, Protein
Specific, Size
Ion Channel Defects
Defective gene _____ can lead to diseases such as:
(5 Total)
Coding
Cystic Fibrosis (Chloride channel defects)
Long QT Interval syndrome (mutant potassium or sodium channels)
Hereditary Nephrolithiasis (Chloride channel defect)
Hereditary myopathies (Chloride channel defect)
Malignant Hyperthermia (Calcium channel defect)
Protein Mediated Transport
Responsible for movement of specific ______ across cell membrane
_______ is responsible for moving any drugs across the cell membrane, including the transport of _____ out of the CNS, slowing the rate of rise of _____ in the CNS
Substrates
P-Glycoprotein
Morphine, Morphine
Protein Mediated Transport
Virtually all transport of molecules against concentration gradients require _____ which use ____ to pump the molecule against the concentration gradient
_________ pump is the most important out of all the ATPases
Proteins, ATP
Sodium-Potassium
Sodium Ion Co-Transport
_____ transport of sodium ions in some tissues has to be ______ to transport of other substances
In the GI tract and renal tubules, _____ ions only transport _____ ions when combined with ______
This returns the glucose to the circulation, preventing its _______
Active, Coupled
Sodium, Sodium, Glucose
Excretion
Sodium Ion Co-Transport
Sodium ion cotransport of amino acids is an _____ transport mechanism that supplements facilitated _____ of amino acids into the cell
Epithelial cells lining the GI tract and renal tubules _____ amino acids into the circulation, thus preventing _____
Active, Diffusion
Reabsorb, Excretion
Aquaporins
______ channels that permit free flux of _____ across the cell membrane
Genetic defects in aquaporins are responsible for some diseases. Name two of these.
Protein, Water
Some cases of congenital cataracts
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Nucleus of Cell
Comprised of __ chromosomes (except nucleus of an egg, which only contains __ )
Each chromosome consists of a molecule of ____ covered with ______
The nucleus has a ______, separating it from the cytoplasm
46, 23
DNA, Proteins
Membrane
Nucleus of Cell
Substances such as ____ pass from the nucleus to the cytoplasm
The _______ is a non-membrane bound structure within the nucleus, responsible for the _____ of ribosomes
_______ present in the cytoplasm near the nucleus aid in movement of ________ during cell division
RNA
Nucleolus, Synthesis
Centrioles, Chromosomes
Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell
More active cells contain _____ mitochondria
Contain an _____ transport chain
Convert ____ into _____ in the form of ____ via the process of ______ _________
Mitochondrial diseases come from ______ inheritance
More
Electron
Food, Energy, ATP
Maternal
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Network of ______ where proteins are processed
Site of intracellular _____ storage
Found in _____ cells where it serves as a resovoir for ______
______ has no ribosomes; it is responsible for the synthesis of _____ and metabolism of ______
______ has ribosomes
Microtubules
Calcium
Muscle, Calcium
Smooth ER, Lipids, Carbohydrates
Rough ER
Lysosomes
______ system of the cell: filled with ______ (hydrolytic) enzymes
Allows ______ of bacteria: bactericidal substances in the _______ kill phagocytized bacteria before they can cause cellular damage
Digestive, Digestive
Phagocytosis, Lysosome
Lysosomes
Also remove damaged _____
50 known lysosomal storage diseases. Name three.
Tissues
Tay-Sachs
Gaucher (Go-Shay)
Niemann-Pick disease
Golgi Apparatus
______ functions
Final center for _____
Proteins synthesized in the rough ER are transported to the golgi apparatus where they are stored in highly concentrated packets called _____ _____
Secretory
Packing
Secretory Vesicles
Golgi Apparatus
Secretory vesicles are released into the cytoplasm or transported to the surface for ______ release via _______
The golgi apparatus is also responsible for creating _______
Extracellular, Exocytosis
Lysosomes
