BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MOLECULAR GENETICS Flashcards
Nucleic acids are AKA
POLYNUCLEOTIDES
These are informational molecules because their primary structure contains a code for hereditary traits or sets of directions by which they can duplicate themselves and guide the synthesis of CHON
NUCLEIC ACIDS
These macromolecules were first discovered in the __________ of cells
NUCLEI
Nucleic acids are the ____________ for all living cells
GENETIC MATERIAL
It is involved in the _________ and _________ of genetic material from one generation to the next
STORAGE, TRANSFER
The genetic material of all the cells in a living organism is the same and has all the information required for making an _______________
IDENTICAL ORGANISM
Nucleic acids determine the ___________ of an organism
PHENOTYPE
Other functions of NA include ________ (enzyme like action ; RIBOSOME) and _________ (RNA acts as co-enzyme for the enzyme ___________________
CATALYSIS, CO-ENZYME ACTION, TELOMERASE
Transcribe DNA
DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID
Double-stranded, helical nucleotide polymer found mainly in the nucleus of the cell that carries the genetic information involved in cellular metabolism, growth, and differentiation
DNA
DNA is found mainly in what part of the cell?
NUCLEUS
What are the 2 types of DNA molecules?
GENOMIC DNA, MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
What are the 3 forms of DNA molecules?
A-DNA, B-DNA, Z-DNA
Genomic DNA is AKA?
NUCLEAR DNA
Controls expression of the various traits in an organism?
GENOMIC DNA
Genomic DNA is spread across how many chromosomes leading to an expression of genetic traits?
46
Genomic DNA was sequenced as part of the?
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
This brings about a change in sequence leading to individual specific characteristics
RECOMBINATION
Leads to malignancies and other disorders
DEVIATION FROM NORMAL DNA REGULATION
Double-stranded circular molecule derived from the circular bacterial genome
MITOCHONDRIAL DNA
mtDNA is always ________ inherited
MATERNALLY
Each mitochondrion contains about _______ mtDNA molecules
2-10
Nuclear DNA undergoes what?
RECOMBINATION
Does not change from parent to offspring
mtDNA
Thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structure
A-DNA
It is a right-handed double heliz fairly similar to the more common B-DNA form, but with a shorter more compact helical structure whose base pairs are not perpendicular to the helix-axis as in B-DNA
A-DNA
Most common double helical structure found in nature, the double helix is right-handed with about _______ base pairs per turn
B-DNA, 10-10.5
One of the many possible double helical structures of DNA. It is a left-handed double helical structure in which the helix winds to the left in a zigzag pattern.
Z-DNA
Helical diameter (in nm.) of A-DNA
2.55 nm
Helical diameter (in nm.) of B-DNA
2.37 nm
Helical diameter (in nm.) of Z-DNA
1.84 nm
Rise per base pair (in nm.
) of A-DNA
0.29 nm
Rise per base pair (in nm.
) of B-DNA
0.34 nm
Rise per base pair (in nm.
) of Z-DNA
0.34 nm
Distance per complete turn/ pitch (in nm.) of A-DNA
3.2
Distance per complete turn/ pitch (in nm.) of B-DNA
3.4 nm
Distance per complete turn/ pitch (in nm.) of Z-DNA
4.5 nm
Number of base pairs per complete turn of A-DNA
11
Number of base pairs per complete turn of B-DNA
10
Number of base pairs per complete turn of Z-DNA
12
Topology of major groove of A-DNA
NARROW, DEEP
Topology of major groove of B-DNA
WIDE, DEEP
Topology of major groove of Z-DNA
FLAT
Topology of minor groove of A-DNA
BROAD, SHALLOW
Topology of minor groove of B-DNA
NARROW, SHALLOW
Topology of minor groove of Z-DNA
NARROW, DEEP
Transcribe RNA
RIBONUCLEIC ACID
Single-stranded, non-helical nucleotide polymer found mainly in the cytoplasm of the cell although it is usually synthesized in the nucleus.
RNA
Responsible in the transcription and translation of genetic information to make CHON during cell growth and division.
RNA
RNA is found mainly in what part of the cell?
CYTOPLASM
What are the 3 types of RNA molecules?
MESSENGER, RIBOSOMAL, TRANSFER
RNA is synthesized in what part of the cell?
NUCLEUS
Complementary RNA copy of selected regions of the DNA
MESSENGER RNA
Carries the genetic information from the nucleus (DNA) to the cytoplasm (RIBOSOMES) and acts as the TEMPLATE for CHON synthesis
MESSENGER RNA
Structural and functional component of the ribosomes which are “platforms” on which CHON synthesis occurs
RIBOSOMAL RNA
Some of them have catalytic and coenzymes functions as well.
RIBOSOMAL RNA
3 Subtypes of rRNA molecules in bacterial ribosomes
30s, 50s, 70s
tRNA is AKA
SOLUBLE RNA
Translates the genetic code of the mRNA and transfer the primary sequence of amino acids from the cytoplasm into the site of CHON synthesis
TRANSFER RNA
