BASIC PRINCIPLES OF MOLECULAR GENETICS Flashcards

1
Q

Nucleic acids are AKA

A

POLYNUCLEOTIDES

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2
Q

These are informational molecules because their primary structure contains a code for hereditary traits or sets of directions by which they can duplicate themselves and guide the synthesis of CHON

A

NUCLEIC ACIDS

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3
Q

These macromolecules were first discovered in the __________ of cells

A

NUCLEI

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4
Q

Nucleic acids are the ____________ for all living cells

A

GENETIC MATERIAL

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5
Q

It is involved in the _________ and _________ of genetic material from one generation to the next

A

STORAGE, TRANSFER

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6
Q

The genetic material of all the cells in a living organism is the same and has all the information required for making an _______________

A

IDENTICAL ORGANISM

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7
Q

Nucleic acids determine the ___________ of an organism

A

PHENOTYPE

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8
Q

Other functions of NA include ________ (enzyme like action ; RIBOSOME) and _________ (RNA acts as co-enzyme for the enzyme ___________________

A

CATALYSIS, CO-ENZYME ACTION, TELOMERASE

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9
Q

Transcribe DNA

A

DEOXYRIBONUCLEIC ACID

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10
Q

Double-stranded, helical nucleotide polymer found mainly in the nucleus of the cell that carries the genetic information involved in cellular metabolism, growth, and differentiation

A

DNA

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11
Q

DNA is found mainly in what part of the cell?

A

NUCLEUS

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12
Q

What are the 2 types of DNA molecules?

A

GENOMIC DNA, MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

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13
Q

What are the 3 forms of DNA molecules?

A

A-DNA, B-DNA, Z-DNA

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14
Q

Genomic DNA is AKA?

A

NUCLEAR DNA

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15
Q

Controls expression of the various traits in an organism?

A

GENOMIC DNA

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16
Q

Genomic DNA is spread across how many chromosomes leading to an expression of genetic traits?

A

46

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17
Q

Genomic DNA was sequenced as part of the?

A

HUMAN GENOME PROJECT

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18
Q

This brings about a change in sequence leading to individual specific characteristics

A

RECOMBINATION

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19
Q

Leads to malignancies and other disorders

A

DEVIATION FROM NORMAL DNA REGULATION

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20
Q

Double-stranded circular molecule derived from the circular bacterial genome

A

MITOCHONDRIAL DNA

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21
Q

mtDNA is always ________ inherited

A

MATERNALLY

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22
Q

Each mitochondrion contains about _______ mtDNA molecules

A

2-10

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23
Q

Nuclear DNA undergoes what?

A

RECOMBINATION

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24
Q

Does not change from parent to offspring

25
Q

Thought to be one of three biologically active double helical structure

26
Q

It is a right-handed double heliz fairly similar to the more common B-DNA form, but with a shorter more compact helical structure whose base pairs are not perpendicular to the helix-axis as in B-DNA

27
Q

Most common double helical structure found in nature, the double helix is right-handed with about _______ base pairs per turn

A

B-DNA, 10-10.5

28
Q

One of the many possible double helical structures of DNA. It is a left-handed double helical structure in which the helix winds to the left in a zigzag pattern.

29
Q

Helical diameter (in nm.) of A-DNA

29
Q

Helical diameter (in nm.) of B-DNA

30
Q

Helical diameter (in nm.) of Z-DNA

31
Q

Rise per base pair (in nm.
) of A-DNA

32
Q

Rise per base pair (in nm.
) of B-DNA

33
Q

Rise per base pair (in nm.
) of Z-DNA

34
Q

Distance per complete turn/ pitch (in nm.) of A-DNA

35
Q

Distance per complete turn/ pitch (in nm.) of B-DNA

36
Q

Distance per complete turn/ pitch (in nm.) of Z-DNA

37
Q

Number of base pairs per complete turn of A-DNA

38
Q

Number of base pairs per complete turn of B-DNA

39
Q

Number of base pairs per complete turn of Z-DNA

40
Q

Topology of major groove of A-DNA

A

NARROW, DEEP

41
Q

Topology of major groove of B-DNA

A

WIDE, DEEP

42
Q

Topology of major groove of Z-DNA

43
Q

Topology of minor groove of A-DNA

A

BROAD, SHALLOW

43
Q

Topology of minor groove of B-DNA

A

NARROW, SHALLOW

44
Q

Topology of minor groove of Z-DNA

A

NARROW, DEEP

45
Q

Transcribe RNA

A

RIBONUCLEIC ACID

46
Q

Single-stranded, non-helical nucleotide polymer found mainly in the cytoplasm of the cell although it is usually synthesized in the nucleus.

47
Q

Responsible in the transcription and translation of genetic information to make CHON during cell growth and division.

48
Q

RNA is found mainly in what part of the cell?

49
Q

What are the 3 types of RNA molecules?

A

MESSENGER, RIBOSOMAL, TRANSFER

50
Q

RNA is synthesized in what part of the cell?

51
Q

Complementary RNA copy of selected regions of the DNA

A

MESSENGER RNA

52
Q

Carries the genetic information from the nucleus (DNA) to the cytoplasm (RIBOSOMES) and acts as the TEMPLATE for CHON synthesis

A

MESSENGER RNA

53
Q

Structural and functional component of the ribosomes which are “platforms” on which CHON synthesis occurs

A

RIBOSOMAL RNA

54
Q

Some of them have catalytic and coenzymes functions as well.

A

RIBOSOMAL RNA

55
Q

3 Subtypes of rRNA molecules in bacterial ribosomes

A

30s, 50s, 70s

56
Q

tRNA is AKA

A

SOLUBLE RNA

57
Q

Translates the genetic code of the mRNA and transfer the primary sequence of amino acids from the cytoplasm into the site of CHON synthesis

A

TRANSFER RNA