Basic Principles in Clinical Chemistry

Question 1

Clinical came from the Greek word?

Answer 1

Kline

Question 2

Kline means?

Answer 2

bed

Question 3

It is the science that deals with the elements, their compounds, and the chemical structure and interaction of matter

Answer 3

Chemistry

Question 4

Is an area in Laboratory Medicine that deals with the analysis of the chemical constituents of blood as well as other bodily fluids to facilitate the diagnosis of disease

Answer 4

Clinical Chemistry

Question 5

T or F:
In clinical chemistry, we analyze biologically important substances that we call analytes like blood, urine, CSF, pleural fluid, pericardial fluid, peritoneal fluid, amniotic fluid

Answer 5

True

Question 6

He is the father of clinical chemistry

Answer 6

Johann Heller

Question 7

it is the preferred in scientific literature and clinical laboratories and is the only system used in many countries

Answer 7

System International Units (SI)

Question 8

T or F:
Move the decimal to the right if you are converting larger to smaller units

Answer 8

True

Question 9

T or F:
Move the decimal to the left if you are converting larger to smaller units

Answer 9

False

move the decimal to the left if smaller to larger

Question 10

It is a substance that is used to test for the presence of another substance by causing reaction with it

Answer 10

Reagents

Question 11

T or F:
Due to advancement in the technology, most laboratory methods are automated so reagent testing is seldom performed

Answer 11

True

Question 12

General Chemicals:

It is simple called as reagent grade

Answer 12

Analytical Reagent Grade

Question 13

General Chemicals:

It meets the purity requirement of most procedures in the laboratory

Answer 13

Analytical Reagent Grade (ARG)

Question 14

General Chemicals:

Chemicals in this category are suitable for use in most analytic laboratory procedures

Answer 14

Analytical Reagent Grade (ARG)

Question 15

General Chemistry:

It is used for trace metal analysis and is most commonly used

Answer 15

Analytical Reagent Grade (ARG)

Question 16

General Chemistry:

It has high purity level than ARG

Answer 16

Ultrapure

Question 17

General Chemistry:

It is used for special needs and procedures

Answer 17

Ultrapure

Question 18

General Chemistry:

It is used to manufacture drugs (for human consumption)

Answer 18

United States Pharmacopoeia (CP) and National Formulary (NF)

Question 19

General Chemistry:

They are pure enough for use in most chemical procedures, but not based on the needs of the laboratory.

Answer 19

United States Pharmacopoeia (CP) and National Formulary (NF)

Question 20

General Chemistry:

The preparation of this chemicals is not uniform

Answer 20

Chemical Pure (CP)

Question 21

General Chemistry:

Melting point and boiling point analyses are used to determine the purity range and it is not recommended for reagent preparation

Answer 21

Chemical Pure (CP)

Question 22

General Chemistry:

It is not recommended for clinical laboratory use unless there is a further purification

Answer 22

Chemical Pure (CP)

Question 23

General Chemistry:

One disadvantage of this is that it fails to reveal the tolerance limit to impurities so this is not used for research or analytical chemistry purposes

Answer 23

Chemical Pure (CP)

Question 24

General Chemistry:

This is used primarily in manufacturing and should never be used in clinical laboratory

Answer 24

Technical/ Practice/ Commercial

Question 25

General Chemistry: It has the lowest purity level among the classes of reagents

Answer 25

Technical/ Practice/ Commercial

Question 26

These are the material with compositions established for use in calibration, assignment of values, or method selection and verification

Answer 26

Reference Materials

Question 27

They have the exact composition of analyte so they are used for calibration and validation

Answer 27

Reference Materials

Question 28

They are also knows as standards and may be classified as primary, secondary, or certified/ standard reference materials

Answer 28

Reference Materials

Question 29

Standard Solution: It is a chemical that is the highest purity and can be measured directly to produce a substance of exact known concentration

Answer 29

Primary Standard

Question 30

They are known as Standard Reference Materials (SRM) and are used as primary standard materials in the clinical laboratory

Answer 30

National Institute of Science and Technology (NIST)

Question 31

Standard Solutions: We use this as basis for laboratory results so we can see if equipment or reagent still produces accurate results. This is expensive and difficult to prepare

Answer 31

Primary Standard

Question 32

Standard Solutions: Is a substance of lower purity whose concentration is determined by comparison to a primary standard

Answer 32

Secondary Standard

Question 33

Standard Solution: One advantage of this is that it is easy to prepare

Answer 33

Secondary Standard

Question 34

Standard Solutions: Certified by a technically valid procedure and developed for use in clinical laboratories

Answer 34

Certified/ Standard Reference Materials (CRM/ SRM)

Question 35

Water Specification: It is the most commonly used reagent in the laboratory

Answer 35

Water

Question 36

Water Specification: This reagent is unsuitable for laboratory application

Answer 36

Tap water

Question 37

T or F: We should always use purified water

Answer 37

True

Question 38

Water Specifications: used for test methods requiring minimum interference such as trace metal, iron, and enzyme analyses

Answer 38

Type I RGW

Question 39

Water Specifications: Is used for procedures that require maximum water purity

Answer 39

Type I RGW

Question 40

Water Specifications: It is stored for short period of time

Answer 40

Type I RGW

Question 41

Water Specifications: Prepared by different purification methods such as reverse osmosis, submicron filtration, deionization to become pure water

Answer 41

Type I RGW

Question 42

Water Specifications: Is used in most laboratory determination in chemistry, hematology, microbiology, immunology, and other chemical laboratory areas

Answer 42

Type II RGW

Question 43

Water Specifications: Acceptable for most analytic requirements, including reagent, quality control, and standard preparation

Answer 43

Type II RGW

Question 44

Water Specifications: Is used in most qualitative measurement / examinations, most procedures in urinalysis, parasitology and histology, washing glasswares, and procedures not requiring Type I or II water

Answer 44

Type III RGW

Question 45

Water Specifications: Not for analysis or reagent preparation

Answer 45

Type III RGW

Question 46

Water Specifications: is obtained by boiling Type II water. This is used when carbon dioxide, ammonia, and oxygen may affect analysis

Answer 46

Carbon dioxide-free water

Question 47

Methods of Water Purification: is purified to remove almost all organic materials.

Answer 47

Distilled Water

Question 48

Methods of Water Ourification: T or F Water may be distilled more than once and each distillation cycle will remove impurities

Answer 48

True

Question 49

Methods of Water Purification: It is produced from distilled water using either an anion or cation exchange resin followed by replacement of removed particles with hydroxyl or hydrogen ions respectively

Answer 49

Deionized Water

Question 50

Methods of Water Purification: It is use of pressure to force water through a semipermeable membrane

Answer 50

Reverse Osmosis

Question 51

Methods of Water Purification: T or F You can use Distilled Water as pre-treatment for water in distillation or deionization

Answer 51

False; It is the Reverse Osmosis

Question 52

This material is used to meausure the temperature

Answer 52

Thermometer

Question 53

Give the formula of converting Celsius to Fahrenheit

Answer 53

C (1.8) + 32

Question 54

Give the formula of converting Fahrenheit to Celsius

Answer 54

(F - 32) / 1.8

Question 55

Enumerate the types of thermometer

Answer 55

Liquid in glass Electronic Digital

Question 56

A type of thermometer that uses a colored liquid (red or other color), encased in plastic or glass material. Visual inspection of the liquid-in-glass thermometer should reveal a continuous line of liquid, free from separation or bubbles

Answer 56

Liquid-in-glass Thermometer

Question 57

A type of thermometer that has a faster response time compared to liquid-in-glass

Answer 57

Electronic Thermometer

Question 58

Types of Glasswares: It contains boron oxide and it is free from magnesia-lime-zinc group of elements

Answer 58

High thermal resistant glass (Borosilicate)

Question 59

Types of Glasswares: Pyrex and Kimax are most common in this and is also ideal for heating and sterilization

Answer 59

Borosilicate

Question 60

Types of Glasswares: also called alkali-resistant glassware and is 6x stronger than borosilicate glass

Answer 60

Aluminocilicate

Question 61

Types of Glasswares: Ideal for higher temperature. Corex and Vycor are the brand names of this

Answer 61

Aluminosilicate

Question 62

Types of Glasswares: it consist of 96% silica content comparable to fused quartz in its thermal endurance, chemical stability, and electrical characteristics

Answer 62

High silica glass

Question 63

Types of Glasswares: It is ideal for high precision analytical work and can also be used for optical reflectors and mirrors

Answer 63

High silica glass

Question 64

Types of Glasswares: it is expensive and used for methods that involve light transmission like cuvettes in spectrophotometry

Answer 64

High Silica glass

Question 65

Types of Glasswares: Amber or red-colored to reduce the amount of light passing through the substance within the glassware.

Answer 65

Low actinic glass

Question 66

Types of Glasswares: It is used for bilirubin, carotene, and vit a

Answer 66

Low actinic glass

Question 67

Types of Glasswares: A soda lime glass which is composed of a mixture of oxides of Si, Ca, and Na

Answer 67

Standard flint glass

Question 68

Types of Glasswares: It is easy to melt and shape and is disposable like petri dish

Answer 68

Standard flint glass

Question 69

Types of Glasswares: Soft glass which has a high resistance to alkali in solution but borosilicate is still more superiod

Answer 69

Boron-free glass