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Immunology 🦠 > Basic Principles > Flashcards

Basic Principles Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of IgG? What is it’s frequency in the body?

A

75%

  • enhance phagocytosis
  • fixes complement and passes to the fetal circulation
  • most abundant isotope in blood serum
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2
Q

What is the function and frequency of IgA?

A

15%

  • IgA is the predominant immunoglobulin found in breast milk found in secretions of digestive, respiratory and urogenital tracts
  • most commonly produced but not most abundant
  • transported across the interior of the cell via transcytosis
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3
Q

What’s the function and abundance of IgM?

A

10%

  • First immunoglobulin to be secreted in response to infection
  • Fixes compliment but doesn’t pass to the fetal circulation as could result in haemolysis
  • Anti-A, B blood antibodies
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4
Q

What is the function of IgD and its frequency in the body?

A

1%

  • Role in the immune system largely unknown
  • Involved in the activation of B cells
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5
Q

What’s the frequency and function of IgE?

A
  1. 1%
    - Mediates type 1 hypersensitivity reactions
    - Binds to Fc receptors found on the surface of mast cells and basophils
    - Provides immunity to parasites such as helminths
    - Least abundant isotype in blood serum
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6
Q

What does the CD1 cell surface marker do?

A

MHC molecule that presents to lipid molecules

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7
Q

CD2 cell marker does what in the immune system?

A

Found on thymocytes, T cells and some natural killer cells that act as a ligand for CD58 and CD59 and is involved in signal transduction and cell adhesion.

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8
Q

What does CD3 cell markers do?

A

The signalling component of the T cell receptor complex

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9
Q

What do CD4 cell markers do?

A

Found on T-helper cells.
Co-receptor for MHC class two
Used by HIV to enter T cells

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10
Q

What’s the role of CD5 cell marker in immunity?

A

Found in the majority of mantle cell lymphomas

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11
Q

What’s the function of a CD8 cell marker?

A

Found on cytotoxic T cells
Co-receptor for MHC class one
Found on subset of myeloid dendritic cells.

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12
Q

What’s the function of cell marker CD14 15 and 16?

A

14 is the cell surface marker for macrophages
15 is expressed on read Sternberg cells
16 find to the FC portion of IgG antibodies

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13
Q

What are complement proteins?

A

Compliment is a series of proteins that circulating the plasma and are involved in infantry and immune reactions of the body. E.g. chemotaxis, cell lysis and opsonisation.

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14
Q

What is the classical compliment pathway?

A

Initiated by antigen Antibody complex’s. (IgM/IgG)

C1qrs, C2, C4

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15
Q

What’s the alternative compliment pathway?

A

Initiated by polysaccharides for example gram negative bacteria, also IGA.
C3, factor B, properdin

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16
Q

What is the function of Interleukin-1 and interleukin-2?

A

1- Mainly sourced from macrophages it causes acute inflammation and induces fever.
2- Mainly sourced from TH1 cells it stimulates growth and differentiation of T-cell response.

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17
Q

What is the role of interleukin-3 and 4?

A

3- Mainly produced by activated T-helper cells it stimulates differentiation and proliferation of myeloid progenitor cells.
4- Produced by TH to cells stimulates proliferation and differentiation of B cells

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18
Q

What is the role of interleukin five and interleukin-6?

A

5- Produced by TH to cells it stimulates production of eosinophils
6- Produced by TH to cells it’s stimulates differentiation of B cells and induces fever

19
Q

What is the role of interleukin 8, 10 and 12?

A

8- Produced by macrophages it induces neutrophil chemotaxis
10- TH2 cells mainly produce it and it inhibits Th1 cytokines synthesis
Known as the anti-inflammatory cytokine
12- mainly sourced from macrophages and B cells. It activates NK cells and stimulates differentiation of naive T cells into Th1 cells.

20
Q

What do you helper T cells do in adaptive immunity?

A

Involved in the cell mediated immune response.
Recognises antigens presented by MHC class II molecules.
Expresses CD4
Also expresses CD3, TCR and CD28.
Major source of interleukin-2.
Mediates acute and chronic organ rejection.

21
Q

What’s the role of cytotoxic T cells in adaptive immunity?

A

Involved in the cell-mediated immune response.
Recognises antigens presented by MHC class I molecules.
Induces apoptosis in virally infected tumour cells.
Expresses CD8
Also expresses CD3, TCR
Mediates acute and chronic organ rejection.

22
Q

What’s the roll of a B cell in adaptive immunity?

A

Major cell of the humoral immune response.
Act as an antigen presenting cell.
Mediates hyperacute organ rejection.

23
Q

What’s the role of a plasma cell?

A
  • Differentiated from B cells

- Produced large amounts of antibody specific to a particular antigen.

24
Q

What’s the role and properties of a neutrophil?

A
  • primary phagocytes cell in acute inflammation.
  • granules contain lysozyme
  • most common type of white blood cell.
  • multi-lobed nucleus
25
Q

What’s the role of a basophil?

A
  • to release histamine during an allergic response.
  • granules contain histamine and heparin
  • Expresses IgE receptors on the cell surface
  • Bi-lobed nucleus.
26
Q

What’s the role of a mast cell?

A
  • Release histamine during an allergic response.
  • Granules contain histamine and heparin
  • Expresses IgE receptors and the cell surface.
27
Q

What is an Eosinophil?

A

Defends against protozoan and helminthic infections with a bi-lobed nucleus.

28
Q

What is a monocyte?

A

Differentiates into macrophages

Kidney shaped nucleus

29
Q

What’s the role of a macrophage?

A
  • Involved in phagocytosis of cellular debris and pathogens.
  • Acts as an antigen presenting cell.
  • Major source of IL-1
30
Q

What’s the role of a natural killer cell?

A

Inducing apoptosis in virally infected and tumour cells

31
Q

What is a dendritic cell and what’s its role?

A

Acts as an antigen presenting cell.

32
Q

What are some innate immune barriers?

A

Skin,
gut - low PH - enzymes pepsin
Lungs - pulmonary surfactant
Eyes/nose/oral cavity- tears, Cillia, enzymes in saliva

33
Q

What are non-specific defences of the innate immune system?

A

Defensins, compliment and Toll like receptors

34
Q

What are toll like receptors?

A
  • found on sentential cells
  • recognise PAMPS
  • Stimulate the immune response.
35
Q

What is a defensin?

A
  • cationic proteins/peptides
  • disrupts membranes and viral envelopes
    It will form a pore in the membrane
  • disrupts metabolic process’
36
Q

What cell bridges the innate and adaptive immune system.

A

A dendritic cell

37
Q

What do dendritic cells do?

A
  • Phagocytise pathogens via TLR’s
  • Present and display antigens
  • activate other immune cells
38
Q

What are the two adaptive defences?

A
  • cell-mediated

- humoral

39
Q

Where do T cells develop?

A

The thymus

40
Q

What do CD8 T-cells do?

A

Selectively recognise molecules bound to MHC-1 and self receptors.
Directly destroy infected cells.

41
Q

What do CD4 T-cells do?

A

Helper cells that modulate other immune responses through activation and deactivation via MHC-2 receptors.

42
Q

What are MHC class 1?

A
  • Found on most cells

- display peptides generated from intracellular cytosolic proteins

43
Q

What are MHC class 2?

A
  • only found on professional antigen presenting cells
  • derived from extracellular proteins
  • regulates how other immune cells respond to infection.

Immunology 🦠 (2 decks)

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