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Occupational Health and Risk Assessment > Basic Principles > Flashcards

Basic Principles Flashcards

Introduce all the basic concepts and tools of occupational health (OH).

1
Q

OH Definition

A
  1. Promotion and maintenance of physical, mental, social well-being of workers.
  2. Prevention among workers of departure from health caused by work conditions
  3. Protection of workers in employment from risks resulting from factors adverse to health
  4. Placing and management of worker in occupational environment adapted to physiological and psychological equipment
    THUS adaptation of work to man and each man to his work
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2
Q

OH Benefits

A
  1. Maintain good health
  2. Productive workforce
  3. Save financial losses due to ill-health / death and inappropriate control procedures
  4. Spend resources effectively
  5. Decrease harmful effects of substances
  6. Select / place employees appropriately
  7. Appropriate OH education
  8. Match health outcome to exposure
  9. Decrease possibility of civil suite
  10. Legislative requirements
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3
Q

Principles of risk assessment

A
  1. Anticipation
  2. Recognition
  3. Evaluation
  4. Control
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4
Q

Recognition of environmental factors

A
  1. Use MSDS
  2. Know work processes
  3. Walk-through inspections
  4. Review job analysis
  5. Recall past experiences
  6. Review investigation reports
  7. Utilize professional support
  8. Use survey checklists
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5
Q

Categories of environmental factors

A 
Chemical
Physical
Biological
Ergonomic
Psychological
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6
Q

MSDS info

A 
Product and company identified
Composition
Hazards id
First aid measures
Fire fighting measures
Accidental release measures
Handling and storage
Exposure controls / PPE / OEL
Physical and chemical properties
Stability and reactivity
Toxicology info
Ecological info
Disposal considerations
Transport info
Regulatory info
Other info
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7
Q

Chemical environmental factors

A 
Dusts
Fumes
Smoke
Aerosols 
Mists
Gases
Vapors
Indoor air quality
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8
Q

Physical environmental factors

A

Noise
Vibration
Temperature (low/high)
Ionizing radiation (x-rays, alpha particles, beta rays, gamma rays)
Non-ionizing radiation (infrared, UV, microwave, laser beams, illumination)

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9
Q

Biological environmental factors

A 
Viruses
Bacteria
Fungi
Molds
Mites
Insects
Plants
Parasites
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10
Q

Ergonomic environmental factors (task variables)

A 
Work rate
Mass / size of object
Stoop / vertical distance / Steps / Distance
Frequency
Reach / Stretch / Repetitive motion
Pull / push
Eye span
Tool design
Body position
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11
Q

Ergonomic environmental factors (employee variables)

A 
Age
Back strength
Antropometry
VO2 max
Strength
Gender
Fitness
Training
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12
Q

Psychological environmental factors

A 
policy
procedures / processes
organizational structure
work stress
mental demand
monotony
shift work
personal relationships
restructuring
retrenchments
distance from family
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13
Q

Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL)

A

Maximum concentration of environmental factor to which employee can be exposed over a reference period of time in one workday over a normal work life without suffering adverse health effects

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14
Q

Threshold Limit Value (TLV)

A

Airborne concentration of substances and represents conditions under which it is believed that NEARLY all workers may be repeatedly exposed day-after-day without adverse effects.

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15
Q

Evaluation of potential health hazards

A
  1. calibration / zeroing
  2. sampling / monitoring
  3. recording of information
  4. verification of calibration
  5. interpretation of results
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16
Q

Homogeneous Exposure Group (HEG)

A

Group of employees in same workplace exposed to at least 80% similar environmental factors at same / lower level of exposure

17
Q

How to select a HEG?

A
  1. ID worst case scenario, or
  2. 10% of HEG, or
  3. 90 - 95% confidence level (OESSM) according to DoL / DMR
  4. Depending on outcome of previous survey
18
Q

Categories of OEL

A 
1. Controlled substances
OEL-CL (Table 1 HCS)
2. Recommended substances 
OEL-RL (Table 2 HCS)
3. Biological Exposure Indices
(Table 3 HCS)
19
Q

Categories of TLV

A
  1. Time-weighted average (TLV-TWA)
  2. Short-term Exposure Limit (TLV-STEL)
  3. Ceiling (TLV-C)
  4. Skin (TLV-Skin)
20
Q

Types of exposure

A

Acute (intensive over relatively short period)

Chronic (prolonged over period of days, weeks, years)

21
Q

Routes of entry

A

Ingestion
Absorption
Inhalation
Other (e.g. needle-prick)

22
Q

Excessive exposure uncontrolled can lead to

A 
irritation
discomfort
temporary illness / disability
permanent illness / disability
death
23
Q

Dose & Effect

A

Effect = k X dose

k = toxicity of substance
dose = concentration X time
24
Q

Control of excessive exposure

A
  1. Elimination
    Substitution / Automation
  2. Engineering controls
    Change process / ventilation / isolation / insulation / screening / wet method
  3. Administrative
    General medical surveillance / selection of worker / education or induction / training / change of work procedures / demarcation / prohibition notices / Limit time of exposure / increase distance / good housekeeping / biological monitoring / biological effect monitoring
  4. PPEs

Occupational Health and Risk Assessment (6 decks)

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