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Ultrasound > Basic Physics > Flashcards

Basic Physics Flashcards

1
Q

Amplitude

A

Peak pressure and magnitude of sound wave

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2
Q

Period

A

Length of time to complete one cycle

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3
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance of a complete cycle

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4
Q

Frequency

A

Number of cycles per second (cycles/sec)

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5
Q

Hertz (Hz)

A

cycles per second

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6
Q

Ultrasound is sound greater than ________ Hz

A

>20,000 Hz

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7
Q

Diagnostic US is in _________ Hz range

A

2-20 megaHz

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8
Q

Increasing period __________ frequency

A

Decreases frequency

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9
Q

Velocity

A

Propagation of speed through a medium

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10
Q

Velocity is _____________ in a given medium

A

Constant

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11
Q

Velocity is determined by the _____________

A

Stiffness and density of medium

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12
Q

Frequency and wavelength are _________ related

A

Inversely

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13
Q

Power

A

Strength of sound wave

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14
Q

Diagnostic ultrasound uses _________ waves

A

Pulsed

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15
Q

Pulse Duration (PD)

A

Length of time from beginning to end of a pulse

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16
Q

Pulse Repetition Period (PRP)

A

Length of time from beginning of one pulse to the next

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17
Q

Pulse Repetition Frequency (PRF)

A

Number of pulses per second (pulse/sec)

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18
Q

PRP and PRF are __________ related

A

Inversely

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19
Q

Duty Factor

A

% of time spent producing a pulse

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20
Q

Duty Factor formula

A

PD (sec) /PRP(sec) X 100 (usually less than 0.01)

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21
Q

Spatial Pulse Length (SPL)

A

Length or distance of a pulse

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22
Q

Piezoelectric Effect

A

electrical current generates vibration of crystals to produce sound, vibration of crystals produces electrical current

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23
Q

Image depth

A

time elapsed between signal pulse and echo

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24
Q

Brightness

A

related to echo intensity along grey scale

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25
Q

Attenuation

A

Weakening of sound beam as it moves through medium

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26
Q

Increasing frequency __________ attenuation

A

Increases

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27
Q

Increasing distance ____________ attenuation

A

Increases

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28
Q

Absorbtion

A

Energy absorbed and converted to heat

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29
Q

Refelction

A

Sound reflected back to transducer

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30
Q

Scattering

A

Sound reflected in multiple directions

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31
Q

Scattering occurs when

A

Sound strikes material so small as to approach wavelength

32
Q

Increasing frequency __________ scattering

A

Increases

33
Q

Refraction

A

Redirection of sound beam as it crosses from one medium to another, causing bending of sound wave

34
Q

Refraction occurs when

A

Differing propagation speed between two media

35
Q

Impedence

A

Resistance to propagation of sound

36
Q

Impedence is related to

A

Tissue density and propagation speed

37
Q

Acoustic impedance mismatch

A

Difference in acoustic impedance at a boundary

38
Q

The greater the acoustic impedance mismatch

A

The greater the amount of reflection

39
Q

Angle of insonation

A

The angle between the incident ultrasound beam and an imaginary line that is perpendicular to the boundary of the object of interest

40
Q

Resolution

A

The ability of the sound waves to discriminate between two different, closely spaced objects

41
Q

Axial resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two closely spaced objects along same beam

42
Q

Axial resolution is dependent on

A

SPL and frequency

43
Q

Axial resolution increases with ________ frequency

A

increasing

44
Q

Lateral resolution

A

The ability to distinguish between two closely spaced objects at the same depth

45
Q

Lateral resolution is dependent on

A

Width of the US beam, transducer shape, and focal zones

46
Q

Temporal resolution

A

The ability to detect moving objects at various points in time

47
Q

Synonym for temporal resolution

A

Frame rate

48
Q

To improve temporal resolution

A

Narrow imaging sector, decrease scanning depth, decrease line density, decrease number of focal zones

49
Q

Hyperechoic

A

More echo than surrounding tissue

50
Q

Isoechoic

A

Same echo as surrounding tissue

51
Q

Hypoechoic

A

Less echo than surrounding tissue

52
Q

Anechoic

A

No echo

53
Q

2D or B-mode

A

Brightness mode

54
Q

In B-mode US, strong echoes are represented by _____ dots and weak or no echoes are represented by ______ dots

A

White dots, black dots

55
Q

M-mode

A

Motion mode

56
Q

M-mode display

A

B-mode image with tracing of movement over time

57
Q

Color

A

Color imposed over B-mode image

58
Q

Color scale

A

Information on mean velocity and direction of flow, color superiorly represents flow toward transducer, and inferiorly away from transducer

59
Q

BART

A

Blue away, red toward

60
Q

Power Doppler

A

Greater sensitivity for low flow states, no directional information

61
Q

Spectral Doppler

A

Quantitative assessment of flow velocity at a single point within the gate (pulsed wave) or along the entire line of interrogation (continuous wave)

62
Q

Gain

A

Overall displayed brightness of echo signal

63
Q

Time Gain Compensation (TGC)

A

allows adjusting gain by depth

64
Q

Depth

A

Adjusts the field of view to increase or decrease scanning area

65
Q

Frequency dial

A

Adjusts the frequency of sound emitted by the probe

66
Q

Tissue Harmonic imaging

A

The transducer listens for sound waves returning at multiples of the frequency of the pulse that was emitted from the transducer, less artifact and attenuation

67
Q

Curvilinear array used for

A

Abdominal, pulmonary, and OB/GYN studies

68
Q

Linear array used for

A

Vascular access, soft tissue, MSK, vascular, superficial

69
Q

Phased array used for

A

Cardiac (and FAST)

70
Q

Endocavitary used for

A

Endovaginal pelvic and peritonsilar abscess

71
Q

Sagittal

A

Splits patient into right and left

72
Q

To obtain sagittal images, transducer indicator pointed toward

A

Patient’s head

73
Q

Transverse

A

Splits patient into top and bottom

74
Q

To obtain transverse images, transducer indicator pointed toward

A

Patient’s right

75
Q

Coronal

A

Splits patient into front and back

76
Q

To obtain transverse images, transducer indicator pointed toward

A

Patient’s head

77
Q

Acoustic shadowing

A

Due to reflection of sound with dark shadow behind reflection

Ultrasound (5 decks)

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