Basic Physics Flashcards
A quantity that has only magnitude and no direction is called
Scalar quantity
length, area, volume, mass, density, speed, work, energy
Are all scalar qty
A quantity that has both magnitude and direction is called
vector quantity
A quantity that has both magnitude and direction is called
vector quantity
displacement, velocity, acceleration, force, momentum
Are all vector quantity
The magnitude of the vector is shown by the ………..of the line and the direction of the arrow represents the direction
Length
To find the resultant of two or more vectors
the triangle law, parallelogram law or polygon law is applied
If two vectors (a & b) are represented in magnitude and direction by two sides of a triangle (BC & CA) taken in order, the resultant is represented by vector c in magnitude and direction by the third side of the triangle (BA) taken in the
taken in the opposite order
If two vectors are represented in magnitude and direction by the two adjacent sides of a parallelogram (AB & AD) drawn from a point, the resultant vector r is represented
in magnitude and direction by the diagonal (AC) passing through that point
If the vectors are represented by the sides of a polygon, taken in order, the resultant r is represented by the closing side of a polygon (AF) taken in opposite orde
closing side of a polygon (AF) taken in opposite order
Speed
The rate at which a body is displaced in position is called its speed. Speed is a scalar qty
Velocity
The rate of displacement of a body in a given direction is called its velocity. It is a vector quantity. Unit of both speed and velocity is m/s.
Acceleration
It is the rate of change of velocity. The change may be in speed or direction or both
Mass
The mass of a body is the quantity of matter contained in it. Unit: kilogram (kg).
Inertia
It is a property possessed by all bodies, which shows the reluctance to change their state of equilibrium. It is a quality and has no units. Inertia can be measured only in terms of mass, which is a scalar quantity.
Force
Application of force changes or tends to change the state of rest or uniform motion of a body in a straight line. In other words, force is that which changes or tends to change the momentum of a body. F = ma. Unit: Newton.
Momentum
The momentum of a body is the quantity of motion contained in a body and is the product of the mass and velocity of the body. Momentum is a vector quantity having the same direction as the velocity vector, and may be resolved into components, or combined with another momentum to give a resultant, like other vector quantities.
Laws of Motion.
First Law. Sir Issac Newton propounded three laws of motion: A body will continue in its state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless compelled to change that state by an external force. (b) Second Law. The rate of change of momentum is proportional to the applied force, and the change of momentum takes place in the direction of the applied force. (c) Third Law. Action and reaction are equal and opposite. (Note that action and reaction refer in this case to different bodies)
Newton’s second law is equivalent to defining
force as that which causes acceleration. From the second law we can say that F ∝ rate of change of momentum. But momentum = mv, and if m is constant for a given body, F ∝ m X rate of change of v, or F ∝ ma
The expression on the left (F.δt) is known as the impulse of the force
and is equal to the change of momentum caused by the force. Suppose a force F acts on a body of mass m for a short time t (e.g. when a bat strikes a ball), such that the velocity of the body changes from u to v. As F = ma, The acceleration ‘a’ produced by the force will be F/m. Substituting ‘a’ in v = u + at. v = u + F δt, m or F . δt = mv – mu.
Consider two bodies travelling in the same direction which collide with each other, the duration of the collision being a short time say δt. Throughout the collision each will experience a force
equal and opposite of that experienced by the other (Newton’s third law).The impulse of the force is F δ t and is the same for each body. Thus the change of momentum will be the same for each body. If at the time of collision, body A was overtaking body B, it is apparent that the effect of the impact will be to decrease the momentum of A and increase that of B, and the total momentum of the system of two bodies will remain unchanged.
The Law of Conservation of Momentum.
parts of a closed system are summarized in the law of conservation of momentum, which states that the total momentum in any given direction before impact is equal to the total momentum in that direction after impact.
Work
A force is said to do work on a body when it moves the body along its line of action. The amount of work done is equal to the product of the force and the distance moved (s) in the direction of the force. W = Fs. Unit: Nm or Joules
Power
The energy of a body is its capacity to do work. E = Fs. Unit: Joules.P = F s T = F v Where: Unit: Watts or Joules / second. 23. F s = = Force Distance the body has moved T = Time