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Y3 - Eye pathology > Basic pathology of the eye > Flashcards

Basic pathology of the eye Flashcards

1
Q

Which 3 parts of the eye make up the uvea?

A
  • Iris
  • Ciliary body
  • Chorioidea
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2
Q

Name structures found at the back of the eye

A
  • Optic nerve
  • Retina
  • Sclera
  • Optic disc
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3
Q

Where is the filtration angle in the eye?

A

At the edge of the anterior chamber

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4
Q

Name the structure that lines the internal eyelid

A

Conjunctiva

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5
Q

Describe the cornea and its functions

A
  • Front of the eye
  • Tries to stay clear so you can see through it
  • Maintains a dehydrated state
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6
Q

How does oedema affect the cornea?

A

Any oedema going into the cornea will stop light being able to pass through

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7
Q

The thickness of an ulcer on the cornea depends on?

A

How many corneal layers it has gone through

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8
Q

Which cells make up the conjunctiva?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

Name the 5 layers making up the cornea from the outside, in

A
  • Epithelium (most outer)
  • Bowman’s layer
  • Stroma
  • Descemet’s membrane
  • Cuboidal endothelium (most inner)
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10
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Alters the amount of light going through the lens and reaching the retina at the back of the eye

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11
Q

What are the features and functions of the ciliary body?

A
  • Highly vascular: production of aqueous humour, control of lens shape fibres and muscles
  • Supports the retina
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12
Q

What is the role of the lens?

A

Light refraction

Needs to be as clear as possible

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13
Q

Which structures make up the lens?

A
  • Lens capsule
  • Monolayer of epithelium
  • Cortex
  • Nucleus
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14
Q

Which structure lines the back of the eye?

A

Retina

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15
Q

The retina is very susceptible to ?

A

Any increases in pressure in the eye

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16
Q

What is the anatomical name of the eyelids?

A

Adnexae

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17
Q

Which glands are found in the adnexae?

A

Meibomian glands

Lacrimal glands

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18
Q

Describe how the aqueous humour circulates in the eye

A
  • Produced by the ciliary body
  • Drains through the pectinate ligaments through the pupil and into the anterior chamber down into the meshwork of the filtration angle
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19
Q

Define anophtalmia

A

Absence of the eye

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20
Q

Define Microphtalmia

A

Reduced size of the eyes

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21
Q

Define Cyclopia and Synophtalmia

A 
Cyclopia = presence of a central eye instead of two 
Synophtalmia = two eyes fused in one
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22
Q

Define dermoid

A

Presence of skin on the corneal surface

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23
Q

Define coloboma, which spp are predisposed?

A

Failure of the optic fissure to close

- Collies

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24
Q

Absence of the lens is called?

A

Aphakia

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25
Q

Name 4 inflammatory disorders of the eye

A
  • Hypopyon = pus in the anterior chamber
  • Hyphaema = blood in the anterior chamber
  • Endophthalmitis = Inflammation of the internal cavities of the eye
  • Panophthalmitis = Inflammation of all the structures of the eye, comprising the sclera
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26
Q

Name some types of inflammation to individual structures of the eye
- Conjunctiva, cornea, uvea, retina, sclera, eyelids and lacrimal glands

A
  • Conjunctiva = conjunctivitis
  • Cornea = keratitis
  • Uvea = uveitis
  • Retina = retinitis
  • Sclera = scleritis
  • Eyelids = blepharitis
  • Lacrimal gland = Dacryoadenitis
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27
Q

What are the possible aetiologies of non-infectious conjunctivitis?

A
  • Dissication (reduction of lacrimal film) +/- opportunistic bacteria
  • Allergic [DOG]
  • Idiopathic (Eosinophilic conjunctivitis – steroid responsive [CAT, HORSE])
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28
Q

How does non-infectious conjunctivitis appear grossly?

A

Eosinophilic conjunctivitis: ulcerative marginal blepharitis

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29
Q

How does non-infectious conjunctivitis appear histologically?

A

Hyperplasia/Squamous metaplasia of epithelium + Eosinophils and Lymphocytes

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30
Q

What are the 3 possible aetiologies of viral/bacterial conjunctivitis?

A
  • Infectious bovine Rhinotracheitis (Bovine Herpesvirus I)
  • Feline Herpesvirus
  • Chlamidiophyla psittaci , Mycoplasma felis [ CAT ]
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31
Q

How does viral/bacterial conjunctivitis appear grossly?

A
  • IBR / FHV: Serous to purulent with possible fibrin
  • Mycoplasma: pseudo-diphteric (fibrin)
  • Chlamydophila: usually unilateral
32
Q

What is the cause of parasitic conjunctivitis?

A

Larval stages of Draschia megastoma, Habronema microstoma via intermediate host

33
Q

Which species can get parasitic conjunctivitis?

A

Horse

34
Q

How does parasitic conjunctivitis appear grossly?

A

+++Medial cantus, ulcerative, oozing, viable larvae

35
Q

How does parasitic conjunctivitis appear histologically?

A

Granulomatous inflammation,

Eosinophils, Larvae

36
Q

What is the main differential of parasitic conjunctivitis in horses?

A

Sarcoid

- identified as parasitic under the microscope

37
Q

Keratitis means inflammation of…?

A

The cornea

38
Q

Describe the 3 different aetiologies of non-infectious keratitis?

A
  • Physical: trauma to the avascular cornea, Ulcerative.
  • Sunlight: DOG: German Shepherd
  • Inadequacy of the tear film: [ DOG: Bulld, WHWT: Kerato/conjunctivitis sicca] = dry eye
39
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of non-infectious keratitis

A

Physical: Trauma -> Stromal imbibition -> Ulcer -> +/- 2nd Bacteria (Strept) -> Neovascularization -> Restoration to original condition

40
Q

How does non-infectious keratitis appear histologically? (2 forms)

A
  • Pannus keratitis: Lymphocytes, Plasma cells, Macrophages, Granulation tissue, but epithelium remains intact
  • Keratitis sicca: Hyperplasia of corneal epithelium, Squamous metaplasia of the conjunctiva
41
Q

How does non-infectious keratitis appear grossly?

A
  • Corneal oedema: opacization

- Ulcerative keratitis

42
Q

Which are the 3 aetiological causes of infectious keratitis?

A
  • Viral: FHV1 [CAT]
  • Bacterial: Moraxella bovis [CATTLE] Infectious Bovine Keratoconjitivitis
  • Mycotic: Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicillium [HORSE]
43
Q

What is the cause of mycotic infectious keratitis?

A

long term antibiotic / corticosteroid therapy

44
Q

How does infectious keratitis appear grossly?

A
  • FHV1 / Moraxella: Ulcerative

- Mycotic: Deep ulcerative with purulent exudate, keratomalacia

45
Q

How does infectious keratitis appear histologically?

A
  • FHV1: Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions.
  • Mycotic: Fungal hyphae within corneal stroma, Neutrophils
  • Moraxella: colonisation of the epithelium by bacteria -> stromal oedema -> Neovascularisation
46
Q

Name two diseases of the lens

A

Cataract

Lens luxation

47
Q

Describe the aetiological causes of cataract

A

Physical, chemical, increased intraocular pressure, inflammation, senescence, congenital, diabetes

48
Q

Describe the pathophysiology of cataract

A

Imbalance between the nutrition of the lens and enzymatic activity -> loss of normal hydration status -> denaturation of lens fibre proteins

49
Q

How does cataract appear grossly and histologically?

A

Gross: Opacisation of the Lens
Histo: Loss of normal organised structure; presence of Morganian globules and Bladder cells

50
Q

What are the 4 aetiological causes of uveitis?

A
  • Viral e.g. FIP, CAV1, MCF
  • Mycotic
  • Parasitic e.g. Toxocara canis
  • Rupture of the lens
51
Q

Describe the gross appearance of uveitis?

A

Extension to the eye cavity

52
Q

Describe the histological appearance of uveitis for each aetiological cause?

A
  • Cryptococcosis: Yeasts ++: Soap bubble appearance. Chorioidea +/- retina: pyogranulomatous
  • FIP: pyogranulomatous, + Vasculitis
  • Rupture of the lens: Lymph, Plasma cells + Fragments of lens
53
Q

What is the aetiological cause of equine recurrent uveitis?

A

Immunomediated: hypersensitivity to Leptospira interrogans var Pomona

54
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of equine recurrent uveitis

A

Overproduction of Antibodies against Leptospira -> Inflammation

55
Q

Describe the gross appearance of equine recurrent uveitis

A

Irregular iris thickening, pigmentation and shape

56
Q

Describe the histological appearance of equine recurrent uveitis

A

Neutrophils acutely
–> Lymphocytes with lymph follicle formation in the ciliary body
Hallmark = formation of hyalinised membrane in the inner aspect of ciliary body (amyloid).

57
Q

What 2 conditions are associated with equine recurrent uveitis?

A

Conjunctivitis

Corneal oedema

58
Q

What is the Aetiological cause of retinitis?

A

Toxoplasma in cats

59
Q

What are the aetiological causes of retinal degeneration/atrophy?

A
  • Glaucoma (compression)
  • Nutritional: Vit A, C, E, taurine deficiency [CAT]
  • Toxic: Bracken fern [Sheep], Mycotoxin [CATTLE]
60
Q

Define glaucoma

A

Ocular condition determined by the prolonged increase in intraocular pressure due to decreased drainage of the aqueous humour

61
Q

Define primary glaucoma

A

Due to a congenital abnormality in the anatomy of the eye

62
Q

Define secondary glaucoma

A

Due to either inflammation, luxation of the lens or a space occupying tumour

63
Q

What are the primary aetiology causes of glaucoma?

A
  • Imperforate pectinate ligament

- Trabecular hypoplasia (loss of trabecular network)

64
Q

Secondary glaucoma occurs in sequalae to?

A

Inflammation (uveitis)

65
Q

Name the common tumour of the eyelid in dogs

A

Epithelioma of Meibomian glands (Meibomian gland adenoma)

66
Q

Describe the features of a conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • Caused by UV light
  • Affects all species
  • Infiltrative, destructive, metastatic
67
Q

How does a conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma appear histologically?

A

Cords and islands of squamous cells

68
Q

Where in the eye does an intraocular melanoma develop from?

A

Iris
Ciliary body
Choroid

69
Q

How does an intraocular melanoma appear histologically?

A

Pigmented neoplastic cells

70
Q

Name the tumour in cats which develops from the iris

A

Diffuse iris melanoma

71
Q

Where does an Adenoma / Adenocarcinoma [Dog] arise from in the eye?

A

Non-pigmented ciliary body epithelium

72
Q

What are the direct effects of an Adenoma / Adenocarcinoma?

A

Causes a space occupying lesions which leads to secondary glaucoma

73
Q

What are the features/appearance of a feline primary intraocular sarcoma?

A
  • Gross: infiltrative / destructive (complete destruction of the blub)
  • Histo: streams and whorls of spindloid cells effacing ocular structures
  • Metastases: not observed
74
Q

Name some examples of retrobulbar tumours

A
  • Adenoma
  • Adenocarcinoma of lacrimal glands
  • Fibrosarcoma
  • Rhabdomyosarcoma
  • Lymphoma [ ++Horse ]
75
Q

Which conditions are associated with retrobulbar tumours?

A

protrusion of blub -> unable to close eyelids -> ulcerative keratitis

Y3 - Eye pathology (1 decks)

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