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Y3 - Eye pathology > Basic pathology of the eye > Flashcards

Basic pathology of the eye Flashcards

1
Q

Which 3 parts of the eye make up the uvea?

A
  • Iris
  • Ciliary body
  • Chorioidea
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2
Q

Name structures found at the back of the eye

A
  • Optic nerve
  • Retina
  • Sclera
  • Optic disc
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3
Q

Where is the filtration angle in the eye?

A

At the edge of the anterior chamber

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4
Q

Name the structure that lines the internal eyelid

A

Conjunctiva

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5
Q

Describe the cornea and its functions

A
  • Front of the eye
  • Tries to stay clear so you can see through it
  • Maintains a dehydrated state
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6
Q

How does oedema affect the cornea?

A

Any oedema going into the cornea will stop light being able to pass through

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7
Q

The thickness of an ulcer on the cornea depends on?

A

How many corneal layers it has gone through

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8
Q

Which cells make up the conjunctiva?

A

Non-keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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9
Q

Name the 5 layers making up the cornea from the outside, in

A
  • Epithelium (most outer)
  • Bowman’s layer
  • Stroma
  • Descemet’s membrane
  • Cuboidal endothelium (most inner)
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10
Q

What is the function of the iris?

A

Alters the amount of light going through the lens and reaching the retina at the back of the eye

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11
Q

What are the features and functions of the ciliary body?

A
  • Highly vascular: production of aqueous humour, control of lens shape fibres and muscles
  • Supports the retina
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12
Q

What is the role of the lens?

A

Light refraction

Needs to be as clear as possible

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13
Q

Which structures make up the lens?

A
  • Lens capsule
  • Monolayer of epithelium
  • Cortex
  • Nucleus
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14
Q

Which structure lines the back of the eye?

A

Retina

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15
Q

The retina is very susceptible to ?

A

Any increases in pressure in the eye

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16
Q

What is the anatomical name of the eyelids?

A

Adnexae

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17
Q

Which glands are found in the adnexae?

A

Meibomian glands

Lacrimal glands

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18
Q

Describe how the aqueous humour circulates in the eye

A
  • Produced by the ciliary body
  • Drains through the pectinate ligaments through the pupil and into the anterior chamber down into the meshwork of the filtration angle
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19
Q

Define anophtalmia

A

Absence of the eye

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20
Q

Define Microphtalmia

A

Reduced size of the eyes

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21
Q

Define Cyclopia and Synophtalmia

A 
Cyclopia = presence of a central eye instead of two 
Synophtalmia = two eyes fused in one
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22
Q

Define dermoid

A

Presence of skin on the corneal surface

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23
Q

Define coloboma, which spp are predisposed?

A

Failure of the optic fissure to close

- Collies

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24
Q

Absence of the lens is called?

A

Aphakia

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25
Name 4 inflammatory disorders of the eye
- Hypopyon = pus in the anterior chamber - Hyphaema = blood in the anterior chamber - Endophthalmitis = Inflammation of the internal cavities of the eye - Panophthalmitis = Inflammation of all the structures of the eye, comprising the sclera
26
Name some types of inflammation to individual structures of the eye - Conjunctiva, cornea, uvea, retina, sclera, eyelids and lacrimal glands
- Conjunctiva = conjunctivitis - Cornea = keratitis - Uvea = uveitis - Retina = retinitis - Sclera = scleritis - Eyelids = blepharitis - Lacrimal gland = Dacryoadenitis
27
What are the possible aetiologies of non-infectious conjunctivitis?
- Dissication (reduction of lacrimal film) +/- opportunistic bacteria - Allergic [DOG] - Idiopathic (Eosinophilic conjunctivitis – steroid responsive [CAT, HORSE])
28
How does non-infectious conjunctivitis appear grossly?
Eosinophilic conjunctivitis: ulcerative marginal blepharitis
29
How does non-infectious conjunctivitis appear histologically?
Hyperplasia/Squamous metaplasia of epithelium + Eosinophils and Lymphocytes
30
What are the 3 possible aetiologies of viral/bacterial conjunctivitis?
- Infectious bovine Rhinotracheitis (Bovine Herpesvirus I) - Feline Herpesvirus - Chlamidiophyla psittaci , Mycoplasma felis [ CAT ]
31
How does viral/bacterial conjunctivitis appear grossly?
- IBR / FHV: Serous to purulent with possible fibrin - Mycoplasma: pseudo-diphteric (fibrin) - Chlamydophila: usually unilateral
32
What is the cause of parasitic conjunctivitis?
Larval stages of Draschia megastoma, Habronema microstoma via intermediate host
33
Which species can get parasitic conjunctivitis?
Horse
34
How does parasitic conjunctivitis appear grossly?
+++Medial cantus, ulcerative, oozing, viable larvae
35
How does parasitic conjunctivitis appear histologically?
Granulomatous inflammation, | Eosinophils, Larvae
36
What is the main differential of parasitic conjunctivitis in horses?
Sarcoid | - identified as parasitic under the microscope
37
Keratitis means inflammation of...?
The cornea
38
Describe the 3 different aetiologies of non-infectious keratitis?
- Physical: trauma to the avascular cornea, Ulcerative. - Sunlight: DOG: German Shepherd - Inadequacy of the tear film: [ DOG: Bulld, WHWT: Kerato/conjunctivitis sicca] = dry eye
39
Describe the pathogenesis of non-infectious keratitis
Physical: Trauma -> Stromal imbibition -> Ulcer -> +/- 2nd Bacteria (Strept) -> Neovascularization -> Restoration to original condition
40
How does non-infectious keratitis appear histologically? (2 forms)
- Pannus keratitis: Lymphocytes, Plasma cells, Macrophages, Granulation tissue, but epithelium remains intact - Keratitis sicca: Hyperplasia of corneal epithelium, Squamous metaplasia of the conjunctiva
41
How does non-infectious keratitis appear grossly?
- Corneal oedema: opacization | - Ulcerative keratitis
42
Which are the 3 aetiological causes of infectious keratitis?
- Viral: FHV1 [CAT] - Bacterial: Moraxella bovis [CATTLE] Infectious Bovine Keratoconjitivitis - Mycotic: Aspergillus, Alternaria, Penicillium [HORSE]
43
What is the cause of mycotic infectious keratitis?
long term antibiotic / corticosteroid therapy
44
How does infectious keratitis appear grossly?
- FHV1 / Moraxella: Ulcerative | - Mycotic: Deep ulcerative with purulent exudate, keratomalacia
45
How does infectious keratitis appear histologically?
- FHV1: Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusions. - Mycotic: Fungal hyphae within corneal stroma, Neutrophils - Moraxella: colonisation of the epithelium by bacteria -> stromal oedema -> Neovascularisation
46
Name two diseases of the lens
Cataract | Lens luxation
47
Describe the aetiological causes of cataract
Physical, chemical, increased intraocular pressure, inflammation, senescence, congenital, diabetes
48
Describe the pathophysiology of cataract
Imbalance between the nutrition of the lens and enzymatic activity -> loss of normal hydration status -> denaturation of lens fibre proteins
49
How does cataract appear grossly and histologically?
Gross: Opacisation of the Lens Histo: Loss of normal organised structure; presence of Morganian globules and Bladder cells
50
What are the 4 aetiological causes of uveitis?
- Viral e.g. FIP, CAV1, MCF - Mycotic - Parasitic e.g. Toxocara canis - Rupture of the lens
51
Describe the gross appearance of uveitis?
Extension to the eye cavity
52
Describe the histological appearance of uveitis for each aetiological cause?
- Cryptococcosis: Yeasts ++: Soap bubble appearance. Chorioidea +/- retina: pyogranulomatous - FIP: pyogranulomatous, + Vasculitis - Rupture of the lens: Lymph, Plasma cells + Fragments of lens
53
What is the aetiological cause of equine recurrent uveitis?
Immunomediated: hypersensitivity to Leptospira interrogans var Pomona
54
Describe the pathogenesis of equine recurrent uveitis
Overproduction of Antibodies against Leptospira -> Inflammation
55
Describe the gross appearance of equine recurrent uveitis
Irregular iris thickening, pigmentation and shape
56
Describe the histological appearance of equine recurrent uveitis
Neutrophils acutely --> Lymphocytes with lymph follicle formation in the ciliary body Hallmark = formation of hyalinised membrane in the inner aspect of ciliary body (amyloid).
57
What 2 conditions are associated with equine recurrent uveitis?
Conjunctivitis | Corneal oedema
58
What is the Aetiological cause of retinitis?
Toxoplasma in cats
59
What are the aetiological causes of retinal degeneration/atrophy?
* Glaucoma (compression) * Nutritional: Vit A, C, E, taurine deficiency [CAT] * Toxic: Bracken fern [Sheep], Mycotoxin [CATTLE]
60
Define glaucoma
Ocular condition determined by the prolonged increase in intraocular pressure due to decreased drainage of the aqueous humour
61
Define primary glaucoma
Due to a congenital abnormality in the anatomy of the eye
62
Define secondary glaucoma
Due to either inflammation, luxation of the lens or a space occupying tumour
63
What are the primary aetiology causes of glaucoma?
- Imperforate pectinate ligament | - Trabecular hypoplasia (loss of trabecular network)
64
Secondary glaucoma occurs in sequalae to?
Inflammation (uveitis)
65
Name the common tumour of the eyelid in dogs
Epithelioma of Meibomian glands (Meibomian gland adenoma)
66
Describe the features of a conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma
- Caused by UV light - Affects all species - Infiltrative, destructive, metastatic
67
How does a conjunctival squamous cell carcinoma appear histologically?
Cords and islands of squamous cells
68
Where in the eye does an intraocular melanoma develop from?
Iris Ciliary body Choroid
69
How does an intraocular melanoma appear histologically?
Pigmented neoplastic cells
70
Name the tumour in cats which develops from the iris
Diffuse iris melanoma
71
Where does an Adenoma / Adenocarcinoma [Dog] arise from in the eye?
Non-pigmented ciliary body epithelium
72
What are the direct effects of an Adenoma / Adenocarcinoma?
Causes a space occupying lesions which leads to secondary glaucoma
73
What are the features/appearance of a feline primary intraocular sarcoma?
- Gross: infiltrative / destructive (complete destruction of the blub) - Histo: streams and whorls of spindloid cells effacing ocular structures - Metastases: not observed
74
Name some examples of retrobulbar tumours
- Adenoma - Adenocarcinoma of lacrimal glands - Fibrosarcoma - Rhabdomyosarcoma - Lymphoma [ ++Horse ]
75
Which conditions are associated with retrobulbar tumours?
protrusion of blub -> unable to close eyelids -> ulcerative keratitis

Y3 - Eye pathology (1 decks)

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