Basic Operation of Small Arms Flashcards by GRIMM ORIE

Identify the 8 Operating Systems

Bolt action
Blowback
Delayed blowback
Recoil
Recoil w/ gas assist
Gas operation (blast, tappet, direct)
Manual pump
Revolving cylinder

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Describe BOLT ACTION

:: operating system ::

Operator manually retracts the bolt to eject spent cartridge & chamber a new round by pushing bolt forward

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Describe BLOWBACK

:: operating system ::

works by pressure from fired cartridge. Blow back operated weapons have NO locking system;

which means pressure from exploding round blows the cartridge case backwards, forcing bolt to the rear and the cartridge out of the weapon. New round is chambered when the bolt moves forward

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Describe DELAYED BLOWBACK

:: operating system ::

these weapons have a locking system, which means there is a delay long enough for the round and excess gas to leave the muzzle before the bolt is fully unlocked

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Describe RECOIL

:: operating system ::

works by the pressure from the fired round. The breech is locked so that when the round is fired, the barrel moves to the rear with the breech block or bolt in place. The breech block remains to the rear while the barrel is forced forward by the spring. After the barrel is fully forward the breech block is released, moving forward to chamber another round.

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Describe RECOIL W/GAS ASSIST

:: operating system ::

operates with a recoil booster attached to muzzle end of the weapon to trap gas, which aids in moving the barrel to the rear.

Internal piston taps on barrel to assist unlocking; increasing the fire rate & reliability.

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Describe GAS OPERATED

:: operating system ::

Gas pressure within the barrel is tapped by a gas port inside the barrel, using the energy to force the operating parts to the rear.

3 sub-categories ( gas blast / gas tappet / gas direct )

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Describe GAS OP. (GAS BLAST)

:: op. system sub category ::

Goes down the gas port into the gas cylinder & makes contact with GAS PISTON DIRECTLY ATTACHED TO THE OPERATING ROD OR SLIDE.

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Describe GAS OP. (GAS TAPPET)

:: op. system sub category ::

Gas goes down the gas cylinder & makes contact with the gas piston that makes contact with the operating rod or slide. GAS PISTON & OPERATING ROD OR SLIDE ARE SEPARATE.

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Describe GAS OP. (GAS DIRECT)

:: op. system sub category ::

Gas goes out of the gas port into the gas tube and carried DIRECTLY TO THE BOLT OR BOLT CARRIER VIA THE GAS KEY.

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Describe MANUAL PUMP

:: operating system ::

Operator is required to pull the slide to the rear, extracting the fired round, and to push the slide forward to chamber a new one.

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Describe REVOLVING CYLINDER

:: operating system ::

Each round is fired when the trigger is pulled. The cylinder rotates aligning on the next chamber with the barrel so that the next round can be fired.

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5 types of firing

Single Action (SA)
Double Action (DA)
Semi-Automatic (Semi-only)
Automatic (auto-only)
Selective Fire (Sel-fire)

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Single Action (SA) description

Only fires when it has been MANUALLY COCKED

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Double Action (DA) description

Trigger bar will cock weapon when the trigger is pulled & the sear will release hammer when trigger reaches max rearward movement.

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Semi-Automatic (Semi-only) description

Will fire ONLY ONE ROUND PER PULL OF THE TRIGGER

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Automatic (Auto-only) description

Continues to fire UNTIL THE TRIGGER IS RELEASED or ALL AMMO IS EXPENDED

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Selective Fire (Sel-fire) description

Semi-auto, burst, or auto

“burst” - set number of rounds per squeeze of trigger

i.e. (2) (3) (4) etc.

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5 types of cartridges

RIMMED
SEMI-RIMMED
RIMLESS
BELTED
REBATED

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Describe RIMMED cartridge

a cartridge which has a HEAD LARGER IN DIAMETER THAN THE BODY, forming a rim or a flange

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Describe SEMI-RIMMED cartridge

a cartridge that has a HEAD ONLY SLIGHTLY LARGER IN DIAMETER THEN THE BODY, with a shallow groove machined around the circumference of the body forward of the head to provide an extractor gripping surface

Describe RIMLESS cartridge

a cartridge that has a HEAD THE SAME DIAMETER AS THE BODY, with a groove machined around the circumference of the body forward of the head to provide an extractor gripping surface

Describe BELTED cartridge

a cartridge of the RIMLESS TYPE which has a thick BAND OR BELT AROUND THE BODY just forward of the extractor groove to PROVIDE GREATER STRENGTH IN THE PORTION OF THE CASE

Describe REBATED cartridge

a cartridge that has a BASE SMALLER THEN THE CASE

Identify the Locking Systems (8)

``` ROTATING BOLT RISING/LOWERING BOLT ROLLER RISING BARREL LOCKING FLAPS LOCKING BLOCK SWINGING BOLT ROTATING BARREL ```

Describe ROTATING BOLT

:: locking system :: Bolt rotates left or right to lock behind the breech

Describe RISING / LOWERING BOLT

:: locking system:: Rear of the bolt rises or lowers into a locking recess of the receiver

Describe ROLLER

:: locking system :: Rollers push out of the left and right sides of the bolt to lock into the breech

Describe RISING BARREL

:: locking system :: Barrel rises up into the slide to lock the barrel and slide together

Describe LOCKING FLAPS

:: locking system :: Loose plates located on the bolt swing out locking to the recesses in the receiver

Describe SWINGING BOLT

:: locking system :: Rear of the bolt swings out of line with the bore into a locking recess

Describe LOCKING BLOCK

:: locking system :: A cam pivots up into a locking recess

Describe ROTATING BARREL

:: locking system :: Barrel rotates to lock into position

Identify Feeding Mechanism types

MAGAZINES BELTS CLIPS

Describe a MAGAZINE & what are the types

Metal or plastic boxes that feed by spring tension TYPES - BOX - DRUM - PAN

Describe the types of BOX magazines

STAGGERED - rounds that are staggered side by side in a magazine IN-LINE BOX - rounds are one on top of the other in the magazine

Describe a DRUM magazine

Circular in shape, usually has multiple rows or cartridges. May be attached to the top or bottom of the weapon

Describe PAN magazine

Usually loads from the top

Describe BELTs

used in machine guns because of their tactical role and high rate of fire

Describe BELT configurations and their abbreviations

SPLIT LINK (SL)- does NOT completely encase the cartridge FULLY ENCASED (FE) LINK - completely surrounds the cartridge (360 around case) NON-DISINTEGRATING (ND) LINK BELT - belts that do NOT come apart as each cartridge is withdrawn DISINTEGRATING (D) LINK BELT - comes apart as each round is withdrawn SLND - SLD - FEND - FED

Describe a CLIP and their types

a device used to rapidly load a magazine or weapon EN-BLOC clip STRIPPER clip

What are the 5 varieties of firing pins

``` Free Floating Inertia Percussion Striker Fixed ```

Describe how firing pins receive their energy | way energy received / type of firing pin

LARGER MASS STRIKES THEM -Free Floating SPRINGS PROVIDE THEIR ENERGY -Inertia - Percussion - Striker- OWN MASS PROVIDES ENERGY -Fixed

Describe FREE-FLOATING firing pin

LARGER MASS STRIKES the firing pin, LONGER THAN ITS CARRIER; NO SPRING IS USED on either forward or rearward movement of the firing pin i.e. M1 Garand, M14, M16, AK rifle, RPK, SVD

Describe INERTIA firing pin

FORWARD ENERGY IS CREATED WHEN THE HAMMER STRIKES the firing pin. As pin moves forward, the SPRING COMPRESSES CREATING THE ENERGY NEEDED TO RESET the firing pin i.e. M1911-A1, USP, BHP

Describe PERCUSSION firing pin

firing pin is DRIVEN FORWARD BY THE FORCE OF A COMPRESSED SPRING and is RETRACTED BY A CAM ACTION that cocks the weapon i.e. M60, M2HB

Describe STRIKER firing pin

pin which is carried inside the bolt and receives its FORWARD MOMENTUM FROM ITS OWN SPRING, WHEN ACTIVATED BY THE TRIGGER, not struck by hammer (squeeze cocking system is what compresses the firing pin spring) i.e. P7

Describe FIXED firing pin

its OWN MASS PROVIDES THE ENERGY, a PROTRUSION MACHINED INTO THE FACE OF THE BOLT/BREECH which punctures the primer when the bolt has fully chambered the cartridge. **found in most blow back operated sub machine guns** i.e. UZI

Describe a Primer and what are the 2 types

the small charge that is detonated by the firing pin, which in turn ignites the powder or propelling charge in the cartridge BOXER - BURDAN

Describe BOXER & BURDAN primers

BOXER - RE LOADABLE - one flash hole, ignition system has anvil & flash powder built in BURDAN - NON-RE LOADABLE - two flash holes, contains only flash powder, anvil is part of cartridge case

What are the 8 steps in the CYCLE OF OPERATION

``` FEEDING CHAMBERING LOCKING** FIRING UNLOCKING** EXTRACTING EJECTING COCKING ``` ** not all weapons have these steps