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Neuropsychology > Basic Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Basic Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe what’s meant by the “inflection of the neuraxis”

A

In 4 legged animals the spine: <—> but in bimodal animals the spine turns at the neck (makes the dorsal surface of the brain the top)

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2
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

promote energy; “fight or flight”’ exercise, stress and strong emotions

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3
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

conserve energy; digestion, pooping, breathing, heart rate

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4
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the brain?

A

Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain

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5
Q

Commissure that connects the limbic system on both sides?

A

Anterior Commissure

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6
Q

Two types of white matter that link different cortical areas (on the same side)

A

Association fibres (short and long)

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7
Q

Commissure that connects the fornix on both sides

A

Hippocampal Commissure (aka Fornical)

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8
Q

Layers of the meninges (top down to inside of head)?

A
  1. scalp
  2. skull
  3. dura mater
  4. arachnoid mater
  5. pia mater
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9
Q

Primary function of the meninges?

A

Protect the brain!

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10
Q

Functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A
  1. protect CNS
  2. supply nutrients
  3. remove waste
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11
Q

Foramen of Monro

A

“interventricular foramen”
the little opening from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle

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12
Q

Circle of Willis

A

system of blood flow between the anterior and posterior circulation systems

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13
Q

Where does most blood in the brain come from?

A

the internal carotid artery

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14
Q

Which artery supplies ~75% of the blood to the lateral surface of the brain?

A

The Middle Cerebral artery

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15
Q

The Largest commissure (it connects two hemispheres)

A

Corpus callosum

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16
Q

Cranial nerve 1

A

Olfactory only one that’s present on one side
(smell)

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17
Q

Cranial nerve 2

A

Optic
(vision)

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18
Q

Cranial nerve 3

A

Occulomotor
(most eye movement)

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19
Q

Cranial nerve 4

A

Trochlear
(eye movement)

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20
Q

Cranial nerve 5

A

Trigeminal
(face sensation)

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21
Q

Cranial nerve 6

A

Abducens
(abducting eye movements)

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22
Q

Cranial nerve 7

A

Facial
(expression and taste)

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23
Q

Cranial nerve 8

A

Vestibulocochlear
(hearing and balance)

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24
Q

Cranial nerve 9

A

Glossopharyngeal
(Taste and gag reflex)

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25
Cranial nerve 10
Vagus (parasympathetic and gag reflex)
26
Cranial nerve 11
Accessory (shoulder shrug)
27
Cranial nerve 12
Hypoglossal (swallowing and speech)
28
What is a bundle of axons called in the CNS?
Tract
29
What is a bundle of axons called in the PNS?
Nerve
30
What is an aggregation of cell bodies called in the CNS?
Nucleus
31
What is an aggregation of cell bodies called in the PNS?
Ganglion
32
How many Thalamic nuclei? Names?
1. VPL 2. VPM 3. MGN 4. LGN 5. Pulvinar (sensory) 6. VL 7. VA (Motor) 8. Anterior (ANT) 9. MD (Other)
33
Describe Somatic Twist
Explanation for contralateral control; says that when the inflection of the neuraxis occurred we twisted
34
Primary function of sensory neurons
Bring information to the nervous system
35
Primary function of Interneurons
Associate sensory and motor activity in the central nervous system
36
Primary function of Motor neurons
Send signals from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles
37
Characteristics and function of an Ependymal cell
Small, ovoid; secretes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
38
Characteristics and function of an Astrocyte cell
Star-shaped, asymmetrical; nutritive and support function
39
Characteristics and function of a Microglial cell
Small, mesodermally derived; defensive function
40
Characteristics and function of an Oligodendroglial cell
Asymmetrical; forms insulating myelin sheaths around axons in brain and spinal cord
41
Characteristics and function of a Schwann cell
Asymmetrical; wraps around peripheral nerves to form insulating myelin
42
What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?
Brain and Spinal Cord
43
What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?
Nerve components in the rest of the body
44
anterior
situated at or directed toward the front; opposite of posterior
45
Nodes of Ranvier
places on the axon between myelinated areas (important for saltatory conduction)
46
posterior/dorsal
directed toward or situated at the back, opposite of anterior
47
rostral
at the head end
48
caudal
situated more toward the cauda/tail than some specified reference point; away from the head
49
superior
situated above or directed upward
50
ventral
directed toward or situated on the belly surface; opposite of dorsal
51
inferior
situated below, or directed downward
52
Primary functions and characteristics of the cerebellum
both motor learning and classical conditioning, balance and sensorimotor integration; held together by the cerebellar peduncles on pons and talks to rest of brain with subcortical nuclei
53
Primary functions and characteristics of pons
Wraps around the brainstem and holds up cerebellum; contains the cell bodies that project to the locus ceruleus and raphe nuclei
54
What neurotransmitter is the raphe nuclei associated with?
serotonin
55
What neurotransmitter is the locus ceruleus associated with?
norepinephrine
56
Primary functions and characteristics of the medulla
point of origin for most of the cranial nerves, controls autonomic function (breathing, reflexes) damage is FATAL (connected to the pyramids)
57
Primary functions and characteristics of the pyramids
You can see them from the inferior surface of the brain (right between the pons and the medulla). Made up of a bunch of efferent motor neurons, they cross (decussation of pyramids)
58
Primary functions and characteristics of the superior colliculi
The boobs on top. motor control and visuomotor integration
59
Primary functions and characteristics of the inferior colliculi
The boobs on the bottom. relaying auditory info
60
Primary functions and characteristics of the reticular formation
"net"; inside (you can't see it on the surface), for descending motor and ascending sensory projections
61
Primary functions and characteristics of the red nucleus
You can see it if you cut horizonal slice of the midbrain, in front (towards the ventral side) of the reticular formation; ruby colored
62
Primary functions and characteristics of the SNc
Substantia nigra sars compacta, Dopamine comes from here and projects to the neostriatum (dies in Parkinsons); necessary for motor control and relaying info from Basal Ganglia
63
Primary functions and characteristics of the hypothalamus
nuclei sensitive to salt/glucose (makes you thirsty); necessary for autonomic function and motivation; regulates the pituitary gland
64
Describe the hpa axis
hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; regulates the stress response
65
Primary functions and characteristics of the thalamus
The troll you have to pay, huge relay system for sensory nuclei, gets info from basal ganglia and cerebellum to the cortex
66
Primary functions and characteristics of the amygdala
emotion regulation, connected to basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus

Neuropsychology (3 decks)

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