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Neuropsychology > Basic Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Basic Neuroanatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Describe what’s meant by the “inflection of the neuraxis”

A

In 4 legged animals the spine: <—> but in bimodal animals the spine turns at the neck (makes the dorsal surface of the brain the top)

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2
Q

What does the sympathetic nervous system do?

A

promote energy; “fight or flight”’ exercise, stress and strong emotions

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3
Q

What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?

A

conserve energy; digestion, pooping, breathing, heart rate

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4
Q

What are the 3 divisions of the brain?

A

Forebrain, Midbrain, and Hindbrain

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5
Q

Commissure that connects the limbic system on both sides?

A

Anterior Commissure

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6
Q

Two types of white matter that link different cortical areas (on the same side)

A

Association fibres (short and long)

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7
Q

Commissure that connects the fornix on both sides

A

Hippocampal Commissure (aka Fornical)

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8
Q

Layers of the meninges (top down to inside of head)?

A
  1. scalp
  2. skull
  3. dura mater
  4. arachnoid mater
  5. pia mater
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9
Q

Primary function of the meninges?

A

Protect the brain!

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10
Q

Functions of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?

A
  1. protect CNS
  2. supply nutrients
  3. remove waste
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11
Q

Foramen of Monro

A

“interventricular foramen”
the little opening from the lateral ventricles to the 3rd ventricle

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12
Q

Circle of Willis

A

system of blood flow between the anterior and posterior circulation systems

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13
Q

Where does most blood in the brain come from?

A

the internal carotid artery

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14
Q

Which artery supplies ~75% of the blood to the lateral surface of the brain?

A

The Middle Cerebral artery

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15
Q

The Largest commissure (it connects two hemispheres)

A

Corpus callosum

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16
Q

Cranial nerve 1

A

Olfactory only one that’s present on one side
(smell)

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17
Q

Cranial nerve 2

A

Optic
(vision)

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18
Q

Cranial nerve 3

A

Occulomotor
(most eye movement)

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19
Q

Cranial nerve 4

A

Trochlear
(eye movement)

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20
Q

Cranial nerve 5

A

Trigeminal
(face sensation)

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21
Q

Cranial nerve 6

A

Abducens
(abducting eye movements)

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22
Q

Cranial nerve 7

A

Facial
(expression and taste)

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23
Q

Cranial nerve 8

A

Vestibulocochlear
(hearing and balance)

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24
Q

Cranial nerve 9

A

Glossopharyngeal
(Taste and gag reflex)

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25
Q

Cranial nerve 10

A

Vagus
(parasympathetic and gag reflex)

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26
Q

Cranial nerve 11

A

Accessory
(shoulder shrug)

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27
Q

Cranial nerve 12

A

Hypoglossal
(swallowing and speech)

28
Q

What is a bundle of axons called in the CNS?

A

Tract

29
Q

What is a bundle of axons called in the PNS?

A

Nerve

30
Q

What is an aggregation of cell bodies called in the CNS?

A

Nucleus

31
Q

What is an aggregation of cell bodies called in the PNS?

A

Ganglion

32
Q

How many Thalamic nuclei? Names?

A
  1. VPL 2. VPM 3. MGN 4. LGN 5. Pulvinar (sensory)
  2. VL 7. VA (Motor)
  3. Anterior (ANT) 9. MD (Other)
33
Q

Describe Somatic Twist

A

Explanation for contralateral control; says that when the inflection of the neuraxis occurred we twisted

34
Q

Primary function of sensory neurons

A

Bring information to the nervous system

35
Q

Primary function of Interneurons

A

Associate sensory and motor activity in the central nervous system

36
Q

Primary function of Motor neurons

A

Send signals from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles

37
Q

Characteristics and function of an Ependymal cell

A

Small, ovoid; secretes cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

38
Q

Characteristics and function of an Astrocyte cell

A

Star-shaped, asymmetrical; nutritive and support function

39
Q

Characteristics and function of a Microglial cell

A

Small, mesodermally derived; defensive function

40
Q

Characteristics and function of an Oligodendroglial cell

A

Asymmetrical; forms insulating myelin sheaths around axons in brain and spinal cord

41
Q

Characteristics and function of a Schwann cell

A

Asymmetrical; wraps around peripheral nerves to form insulating myelin

42
Q

What does the central nervous system (CNS) consist of?

A

Brain and Spinal Cord

43
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system (PNS) consist of?

A

Nerve components in the rest of the body

44
Q

anterior

A

situated at or directed toward the front; opposite of posterior

45
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

places on the axon between myelinated areas (important for saltatory conduction)

46
Q

posterior/dorsal

A

directed toward or situated at the back, opposite of anterior

47
Q

rostral

A

at the head end

48
Q

caudal

A

situated more toward the cauda/tail than some specified reference point; away from the head

49
Q

superior

A

situated above or directed upward

50
Q

ventral

A

directed toward or situated on the belly surface; opposite of dorsal

51
Q

inferior

A

situated below, or directed downward

52
Q

Primary functions and characteristics of the cerebellum

A

both motor learning and classical conditioning, balance and sensorimotor integration; held together by the cerebellar peduncles on pons and talks to rest of brain with subcortical nuclei

53
Q

Primary functions and characteristics of pons

A

Wraps around the brainstem and holds up cerebellum; contains the cell bodies that project to the locus ceruleus and raphe nuclei

54
Q

What neurotransmitter is the raphe nuclei associated with?

A

serotonin

55
Q

What neurotransmitter is the locus ceruleus associated with?

A

norepinephrine

56
Q

Primary functions and characteristics of the medulla

A

point of origin for most of the cranial nerves, controls autonomic function (breathing, reflexes) damage is FATAL (connected to the pyramids)

57
Q

Primary functions and characteristics of the pyramids

A

You can see them from the inferior surface of the brain (right between the pons and the medulla). Made up of a bunch of efferent motor neurons, they cross (decussation of pyramids)

58
Q

Primary functions and characteristics of the superior colliculi

A

The boobs on top. motor control and visuomotor integration

59
Q

Primary functions and characteristics of the inferior colliculi

A

The boobs on the bottom. relaying auditory info

60
Q

Primary functions and characteristics of the reticular formation

A

“net”; inside (you can’t see it on the surface), for descending motor and ascending sensory projections

61
Q

Primary functions and characteristics of the red nucleus

A

You can see it if you cut horizonal slice of the midbrain, in front (towards the ventral side) of the reticular formation; ruby colored

62
Q

Primary functions and characteristics of the SNc

A

Substantia nigra sars compacta, Dopamine comes from here and projects to the neostriatum (dies in Parkinsons); necessary for motor control and relaying info from Basal Ganglia

63
Q

Primary functions and characteristics of the hypothalamus

A

nuclei sensitive to salt/glucose (makes you thirsty); necessary for autonomic function and motivation; regulates the pituitary gland

64
Q

Describe the hpa axis

A

hypothalamic pituitary adrenal axis; regulates the stress response

65
Q

Primary functions and characteristics of the thalamus

A

The troll you have to pay, huge relay system for sensory nuclei, gets info from basal ganglia and cerebellum to the cortex

66
Q

Primary functions and characteristics of the amygdala

A

emotion regulation, connected to basal ganglia, prefrontal cortex and hypothalamus

Neuropsychology (3 decks)

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