Basic learning ans classical conditionning Flashcards
Associative Learning
Def: when two events occur in sequence and the actions become associated with pleasant results
There are 3 types of learning:
1. Classical conditioning
2. Cognitive Learning
3. Operant Conditioning
Pavlov Experiment
The bell experiment:
- he paired the meat powder with a bell sound (CS), when the dog heard the bell he would start to salivate even though the food wasn’t present (CR)
-NS: Neutral stimuli
-US: Unconditioned stimuli
-UR: Unconditioned response
-CS: conditioned stimulus
-CR: conditioned response
Watson Experiment
- Little Albert was initially not afraid of rats
- John B. Watson would then clang a steel bar every time a rat was presented to Albert
-Albert is now scared of rats and other soft and furry things - He was able to shape people’s emotions
Classical Conditioning
Def: Automatic reactions to certain events (reflexes),
How it works: we associate 2 events together after they have been repeatedly exposed with each other
Results: Our reflexes are triggered when one of the stimuli is present
Acquisition
- Acquisition
Def: The initial stage of learning
What gets acquired?- Association between NS and
US
How do we know it has occurred? - The UR gets triggered by a CS
Timing - NS needs to be repeated half-
second before the US
EX:
US: passionate kissing leads to UR: sexual arousal, NS: onion breath+US passionate kissing = UR: sexual arousal, CS: onion breath leads to CR: sexual arousal
- Association between NS and
Extinction and Spontaneous recovery
- Extinction
Def: The diminishing of a conditioned response (CS alone) - Spontaneous recovery
Def: a return of a conditioned response after it has been extinguished (return of the CR)
- solution: counterconditioning:
build a new association
Generalization and Discrimination
- Generalization
Def: The habit of having conditioned responses triggered by related stimuli
- More stuff makes you drool - Discrimination
Def: The learned ability to only respond to specific stimuli
- opposite of generalization: Less stuff makes you drool
Operant Conditioning, Reinforcement and punishement
Def: adjusting to the consequences of our behavior
– Reinforcement: likely of repeated behavior
- Positive: adding something
desirable
- Negative: ending something
unpleasant, something that
feels negative
*Negative reinforcement does not = punishment *
– Punishment: less likely to be repeated
-Positive: you add something
unpleasant
- Negative: You take away
something pleasant
Shaping Behavior
Def: guiding a creature toward the behavior by reward every time this behavior comes closer to the desired behavior
Discrimination
Def: Ability to become more specific in what situations trigger a response
- Shaping can increase discrimination if reinforcement only comes for certain discriminative stimuli
Primary and secondary reinforcers
Primary: stimulus that meets the basic need ex: food
Secondary: stimulus, like money, that becomes associated with the primary reinforcer ex: money buys food
Continuous and partial reinforcement
Continuous: giving a reward after the desired behavior is reached every single time
Partial: giving the rewards parts of the time, target bevahior takes longer to the atteint
Schedules
- Fixed interval: every so often, slow and unsustained responding
- Fixed ratio: Every so many behaviors, a high rate of responding
- Variable interval: Unpredictably often, slow and consistent responding
- Variable ratio: After an unpredictable number of behaviors, high and consistent responding, resists extinction)
Law of effect
Behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely
The Skinner Box
the operant chamber that allowed detailed tracking of rates of behavior change in response to different rates of reinforcements
