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Block F: Immunnology > Basic immunology > Flashcards

Basic immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What does the innate defenses trigger? What are the explanations for its four characteristics?

A

Initiated when host cells are damaged of when microbial structures are recognized. This triggers inflammation, which is:

  • Swelling: because the breach in the system cause the release of cytokines (like macrophages) and there is permeability of the vascular system. This causes increase flow of plasma, hence swelling
  • Redness: increased blood flow to the area
  • Heat: increased blood flow to the area
  • Pain: some of the cytokines inform the neuronal system that there is problem to the area (via pain). This is problematic in diabetics who may have neuropathy
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2
Q

Oral mucosal immune system is part of what?

A

Part of the mucosal associated lymphoid tissue (MALT)

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3
Q

What is the completement system? What are its three pathways?

A

Complement: the complement system is a series of proteins found in plasma that are involved in recognition or surface structures of pathogens, activation of innate cells and killing of pathogens

  • Classical pathway: heat labile plasma that augments antibody-mediated opsonization and killing of bacteria. Triggered by the presence of antibody on an (possibly encapsulated) organism
  • Alternative pathway: triggered by a change detected in the profile of certain cells (surface) receptors
  • Lectin pathway: triggered by detection of lectin on surface of organism
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4
Q

Normal hemoglobin mean corpuscular volume? Microcytosis and macrocytosis stats?

A

Normal MCV (mean corpuscular volume): 80-95fl

  • Microcytosis: MCV<80fl
  • Macrocytosis: MCV>95fl
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5
Q

Mediators include what cells (3) and do what? (3)

A

Mediators vasodilate, increase vascular permeability and recruit cells to the area. They include:

  • Prostaglandins
  • Leukotrienes
  • Bradykinins
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6
Q

What is the role of Peyer’s Patches in the immune system?

A

Peyer’s Patches: principal sites of mucosal responses containing specialized epithelial cells (M cells). M cells analyse surrounding molecules and interact extremely fast with T cells and dendritic cells if need be

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7
Q

Roles of T-cells ? (3)

A
  • Fight intracellular infections (CD8 cytotoxic T-cells)
  • Activate other cells and helping them multiple or differentiate (CD4+ effector T-cells: Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17)
  • Give signals inhibiting/slowing down inflammation responses via IL-10 or TGF-b (Regulatory T-cells: CD4+Foxp3+)
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8
Q

What are the barriers (first line of defense)? (6)

A
  • Skin
  • Hair/cilia
  • Saliva/tears
  • Mucous
  • Stomach acids
  • Bile
    These things allow the movement of fluids and this is effective because most bacteria need to be still to form colonies
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9
Q

Where are Peyer’s Patches found? (3)

A
  • Small intestine
  • Appendix
  • Lymphoid follicles or large intestine
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10
Q

What is Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS) and the three causes?

A

Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome (SIRS):
Uncontrolled inflammation and coagulopathy leading to multiple organ involvement, especially lungs, kidneys, vasculature, liver and gut
Causes: damage is not done by virus, but by the immune response to those viruses
- Bacterial sepsis (meningococcemia)
- Pandemic Influenza
- SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) caused by a coronavirus

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11
Q

What are CD4+ cells?

A

*CD4+ cell: a T-cell helper in the acquired cell that coordinates other cells to do things. It is also responsible for the B cell that result in the formation of plasma cell that generate antibodies

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12
Q

What does Proteosomes do?

A

When you are infected, the virus gets into the epithelial cells and starts to replicate. Proteosomes (a protein) pick up viral proteins and degrade them to peptides. CD8 cells recognize antigen presented on MHC I and induce apoptosis in the cell

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13
Q

What are the CD4+ effector T-cells? (4)

A

Th1, Th2, Th9, Th17

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14
Q

What is the communication role of T-regulatory cells? What does it make? (2)

A

T-regulatory cells: regulate immune response (decrease immune responses, wound healing). They make IL-10, TGF-B

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15
Q

What are the causes of Normocytic/Hemolytic anemia? (8)

A 
-	Extra-corpuscular:
o	Autoimmune hemolytic anemia (AIHA): immunoglobulin (IgG) mediated
o	Metallic mechanical valve
-	Red blood cell membrane:
o	Hereditary elliptocytosis
o	Hereditary spherocytosis 
-	Enzyme defects (congenital):
o	G6PD deficiency
o	PK deficiency 
-	Hemoglobinopathies and severe thalassimias:
o	Unstable hemoglobin
o	Congenital
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16
Q

What contrast T- and B-lymphocytes from what happens in the Innate Immunity system?

A

T lymphocytes and B lymphocytes recognize pathogens via specific receptors. This contrasts with Innate Immunity that recognizes patterns rather than specific peptides

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17
Q

What is MHC class 1? What can recognize this?

A 
-	All nucleated cells (so not RBCs) express the peptide molecule Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) class 1 and present antigen only when infected
o	Only CD8+ T-cells (killing cells) can recognize this complex
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18
Q

T-cells activate other cells and helping them multiple or differentiate. How? (3)

A

o Supply cytokines to monocytes to help them fight intracellular organisms (T helper 1: Th1)
o Supply cytokines to B cells to direct specific antibody responses (Th2)
o Supply cytokines that activate phagocytes and other innate immune cells (Th17)

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19
Q

Consequences of B cell dysfunction? (8)

A 
Consequences of B cell dysfunction: bacterial infections
-	Encapsulated organisms:
o	Pneumococcus
o	Moraxella
o	Hemophilus influenza
-	Mycoplasma
-	Pneumonia
-	Sinusitis
-	Sepsis
-	Meningitis
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20
Q

After meeting with Dendritic cell, the T cell produce what? (2)

A
  • Its own growth factor: IFN-y and IL-2

- Upregulates IL-2 receptor

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21
Q

Liver, on the effects of IL-6, will…

A

Liver, on the effects of IL-6, will create acute-phase proteins (C-reactive and Mannose-binding lectin)

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22
Q

Treatment to help the commensal flora?

A

Probiotics don’t help/replace/increase the commensal flora. It’s not helpful, even when you want it to palliate the deleterious effects of given antibiotics
Treatment to replace commensal flora: auto-fecal or allo-fecal transplants

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23
Q

What are the two types of B-cells?

A
  • Primary follicle: naïve B-cells who had not seen antigen. They can mature into memory or plasma cells
  • Secondary follicle: memory B-cells already present (more rapid response)
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24
Q

What are Chemokines?

A

Protein released by cells that attract other cells to the area

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25
Q

What are the symptoms of Normocytic/Hemolytic anemia? (5)

A

Symptoms: indicative of hemolysis

  • High reticulocyte index
  • High absolute reticulocyte
  • High LDH
  • High indirect bilirubin
  • Suppression of Haptoglobin
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26
Q

Steps of innate immunity, en gros? (5)

A

Infection happens  Early inflammatory mediators detect the infected cells  Cytokine release  Neutrophils and macrophages are brought to the area (this is all innate immunity)  Acquisition of memories (acquired immunity

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27
Q

All pathways of the complement system activate C3 convertase, which results in what? (4)

A

All pathways activate C3 convertase, a protein that is measured all the time, and low levels indicate activation of pathways. This results in:

  • Peptide mediators of inflammation
  • Phagocyte recruitment
  • Opsonization of pathogens (increase the effectiveness the phagocytic effects of macrophages)
  • Activation of terminal complement components to destroy pathogen cells
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28
Q

T cell receptors recognize what?

A
  • T cell receptors: do not recognize complex proteins, only peptides
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29
Q

What isHyper-IgE syndrome?

A

Hyper-IgE syndrome: disorder of immune system, caused by mutation in STAT3 and resulting in periodontal disease and failure to exfoliate the primary teeth

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30
Q

What is an Epitope?

A

The smallest component of an antigen that is recognized by the immune system

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31
Q

𝜇 antibody heavy chain does what?

A

𝜇 makes IgM. IgM is a pentamer that is the default setting for B cells. Good for fixation and neutralization pathogens, but bad for opsonization

32
Q

What is normal hemoglobin stat?

A

120-160g/L

33
Q

𝛿 antibody heavy chain does what?

A

o 𝛿 makes IgD

34
Q

To recognize an antigen, the T cell must have..? (4)

A
  • A receptor that can recognize a specific peptide (TCR)
  • A Signaling complex (CD3)
  • A CD4 or CD8 molecule (allow “Self” identification)
  • T cells recognize antigens that have antigen presenting cells (APCs or Professional APCs). Furthermore, the only react to cells coming from the “Self” (aka, cells with MHC antigens)
35
Q

How do Dendritic cells identify and communicate antigens? (5 steps)

A

They have toll-like receptors (TLRs 1-11) and can recognize coated antigens.
They engulf and process antigen for T-cell by digestion into peptides (bref, il digère le pathogen et colle une partie de l’antigen au peptide MHC-class 2 afin qu’il soit reconnu par CD4+ T-cell)
Once they have choped up the antigen they:
- Migrate to areas that have large T cell population (aka lymph nodes)
- Externalize antigen peptides to MHC
- Express co-stimulatory molecules (called CD28 and CD40 ligand)
- Produce cytokines

36
Q

What is the communication role of Th1? What does it make? (3)

A

Th1: for intracellular organisms (like Tuberculosis). They make IFN-y, IL-12, IL-18

37
Q

Normal hemoglobin mean corpuscular volume? Microcytosis and macrocytosis stats?

A

Normal MCV (mean corpuscular volume): 80-95fl

  • Microcytosis: MCV<80fl
  • Macrocytosis: MCV>95fl
38
Q

Antibodies are made by what?

A

B cells

39
Q

What is Thalassemias?

A

Thalassemias: imbalance in globin chain production
Absent or reduced production of one globin chain (alpha- or beta- chain) causes excess of the other globin chains precipitate within RBC, which makes them small, and unstable (and die rapidly)

40
Q

What is an antigen?

A

Something that induces and immune response

41
Q

What do virus-infected host cells do? (4 steps)

A
  1. Recognize it is infected via IFN-alpha and IFN-beta
  2. Induce resistance to viral replication (TNF-alpha and IL-12?)
  3. Increase MHC class I expression and antigen presentation
  4. Activate NK cells to kill (implodes) virus-infected cells
42
Q

What is an Antibody?

A

Immunoglobulin-serum protein produced by B cells and plasma cells that bind antigen

43
Q

What is the communication role of Th2? What does it make? (3)

A

Th2: antibody production, parasite defense, allergy. They make IL-4, IL-5, IL-13

44
Q

4 roles of antibodies?

A
  • Complement fixation: putting an identifier on the organism
  • Opsonization: process by which the pathogen is marked to be phagocyted
  • Neutralization: prevents the virus/toxins to stick to other cells
  • ‘Antibody dependent cell mediated cytotoxicity’: antibody is tagged to cell that allow the other cells to target and kill the said pathogen
45
Q

What are antigen presenting cells (APC)?

A

o A subclass of Antigen called antigen presenting cells (APC) have molecules on cells specialized for interaction with surface T cell receptors

46
Q

Physiological mechanisms causing anemia? (5)

A
  • Deficiency of RBC “building blocks” (ex: iron, B12, etc)
  • Congenital anomaly of the contents of RBC
  • Anomaly in the production of the RBC
  • Accelerated destruction of RBC (hemolysis)
  • Chronic illness suppressing erythropoiesis
47
Q

What is normal hemoglobin stat?

A

120-160g/L

48
Q

How do you distinguish between MHC class 1 and 2 (3 characteristics each)?

A

MHC Class I:
- Viral invaders and other pathogens degraded in a proteasome
- Complex peptides are assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum
- Exported to plasma membrane in vesicle (so it is destroyed along the invaders)
MHC Class II:
- Complex assembled in ER
- Exported in acidic environment in endosomic vesicle
- Pathogens are degraded in the same vesicle by acid and enzymes and bind in cleft

49
Q

What are Interleukins?

A
  • Interleukins are one example of cytokines family (abbreviated “IL-“ like IL1, IL2) that control activation of responding cells, cell growth, induction of fever, etc.
50
Q

T cells fight intracellular infections (CD8 cytotoxic T-cells). Roles of CD8 include what? (3)

A

o Recognition of infected cells
o Production of pro-apoptopic proteins perforin and granzyme
o Also produce pro-inflammatory cytokines (IFN-y)

51
Q

To elicit a antibody response, B cells need what? (5)

A
  • Antigen
  • T cells for direct contact (usually Th2 cells)
  • Cytokines (IL4+, IL13, INF-y or IL10)
  • CD40 and CD40L interaction
  • B7.1 and CD28 interaction
52
Q

What is the characteristic feature of Professional APCs? This category includes what cells? (6)

A 
-	Professional APCs express MHC class II and can pick up antigen, process them and present them to CD4+ T-cells (coordinator cells). They include:
o	Monocytes/Macrophages
o	B cells
o	Dendritic cells
o	Langerhans cells
o	Kupfer cells
o	Astrocytes
53
Q

What is found in the gingival crevice? (2)

A

o Presence of neutrophils going from gingival capillaries to the gingival sulcus
o Leukocytes are found there when there’s a plaque

54
Q

What are the 5 different heavy chains on antibodies?

A 
o	𝜇 makes IgM
o	𝛼 makes IgA
o	𝛾 makes IgG
o	𝜀 makes IgE
o	𝛿 makes IgD
55
Q

Antibiotics can cause what at the level of the GI immune system? (2)

A

Antibiotic use affects commensal flora and can result in super-infection by opportunistic organisms like C. difficile and Candida spp that are normally found in low amount

56
Q

What is Iron Deficiency Anemia? What are the two symptoms?

A

Iron Deficiency Anemia: most common cause of anemia due to limited nutrition
Iron deficiency symptoms:
- Koilonychia (weird thin nails)
- Thin hair

57
Q

3 different sites of oral mucosal immune system?

A
  • Oral mucosa
  • Salivary glands
  • Gingival crevice
58
Q

What is the Regulatory T-cell?

A

CD4+Foxp3+

59
Q

𝛼 antibody heavy chain does what?

A

o 𝛼 makes IgA. Exists as expendable dimer and is good at neutralization

60
Q

𝛾 antibody heavy chain does what?

A

o 𝛾 makes IgG. IgG is 75% of all circulating antibodies. Only antibody that actively crosses the placenta. Good at opsonization due to Fcy receptors. Half life is 21 days

61
Q

Physiological mechanisms causing anemia? (5)

A
  • Deficiency of RBC “building blocks” (ex: iron, B12, etc)
  • Congenital anomaly of the contents of RBC
  • Anomaly in the production of the RBC
  • Accelerated destruction of RBC (hemolysis)
  • Chronic illness suppressing erythropoiesis
62
Q

What are the 2 different light chains? What do light chains do?

A

Antibodies are made by B cells, and recognizes specific substance on its variable region, but taken up by phagocytic cells via its constant region
2 different light chains
o 𝜅 (Kappa)
o 𝜆 (Lambda

63
Q

What are the components of the B cell basic strucure? (4)

A
  • B cell receptors
  • CD19, CD20
  • MHC class II
64
Q

Neutropenia can cause what at the lvl of the mouth? (2)

A

o Neutropenia can result in gingivitis and loss of periodontal attachment if chronic

65
Q

How does HIV proliferate?

A

HIV virus: infects T-cells and integrate T-cells DNA. When T-cells get signaled by T-cell antigen, it replicated and so does HIV

66
Q

What is the abbreviation CD?

A

Cluster Designation (CD): used for cell surface markers/receptors

67
Q

What are the two means of communications of the immune system?

A
  • Antigen presenting cells (ex: dendritic cell that samples the environment) present samples to T cells. T cells then determine the immune response required to the samples (or part of the sample presented)
    Second pathway:
  • Innate immune cells have surface receptors that allow pattern recognition receptors. Some of these receptors have Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and when it binds to their ligand (in this case, the bacterial cell wall protein) the innate response is immediate
68
Q

Elements of the GI immune system? (4)

A
  • Mucosal barrier with tight junctions
    o Dendritic cells are found there, and T-cells are also found in intraepithelial compartment
  • Cilia
  • IgA
  • Innate receptors (like TLR and NOD molecules) recognize potential pathogens
69
Q

What is Megaloblastic anemia? What are the causes? (4)

A

Megaloblastic anemia: B12 or folic acid deficiency resulting in defective hematopoiesis
Causes:
- Pernicious anemia: autoimmune destruction of parietal cells of the stomach, leading to malabsorption of intrinsic factors (IF)
- Decreased intake of B12 (vegans)
- Total of partial gastrectomy
- GI tract diseases
Often present in the elderly

70
Q

What is lymphocyte trafficking? Intraepithelial lymphocytes also participate in what?

A

Lymphocytes activated in the intestinal tract will also disseminate response in the mucosal surface of lungs. This is lymphocyte trafficking. Also, intraepithelial lymphocytes play roles in minimizing gut inflammation and facilitates repair

71
Q

Rate of erythropoiesis increases when? (3)

A
  • There’s a decrease in O2 content of Hemoglobin (ex: pulmonary dysfunction)
  • Decrease in hemoglobin themselves (ex: anemia)
  • Shift in the oxygen dissociation curve mediated by hypoxia inducible factor will stimulate erythropoietin production by renal interstitial cells
72
Q

Initially, immature/naïve B cells only produce IgM, but will later on be able to produce what? (3)

A
  • IgG
  • IgE
  • IgA
73
Q

What are Cytokines?

A

Messenger molecules (proteins) released by cells that modulate the behaviour of other cells. They all cause inflammation and fever

74
Q

What is the communication role of Th17? What does it make? (2)

A

Th17: antibacterial, antifungal. They make IL-17, IL-22

75
Q

Mutation of NOD receptors does what?

A

Mutation of NOD receptors is associated with autoimmune inflammatory bowel disease (like Crohn’s disease)

76
Q

𝜀 antibody heavy chain does what?

A

o 𝜀 makes IgE. IgE is found in low amount, and is bound to mast cells and basophils. Responsible for allergy and anaphylaxis

Block F: Immunnology (9 decks)

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