basic immunology Flashcards
idk
1
Q
characteristics of a SIGN
A
can be OBSERVED and MEASURED (cough, rashes)
2
Q
characteristics of a SYMPTOM
A
can be FELT and DESCRIBED (headaches, nausea)
3
Q
what are INFECTIOUS diseases?
A
1.caused by PATHOGENS
2.can be SPREAD from ONE PERSON TO ANOTHER
(influenza, HIV, pneumococcal disease, malaria)
4
Q
infectious diseases can be spread in what ways?
A
- AIRBRONE DROPLETS
2.DIRECT CONTACT OF BODY FLUIDS
3.CONTAMINATED FOOD/WATER
4.DEISEASE VECTORS
5
Q
what is a DISEASE VECTOR?
A
an ORGANISM that acts as a CARRIER OF AN INFECTIOUS DISEASE between ORGANISMS OF A DIFFERENT SPECIES.
6
Q
what are NON INFECTIOUS DISEASES caused by?
A
- ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
- MALNUTRITION
- LIFESTYLE CHANGES
7
Q
bacterium are what kind of cell
A
PROKARYOTES
8
Q
what is a PROKARYOTE
A
UNICELLUAR organism WITHOUT A NUCLEUS and LACKS MEMBRANE BOUND ORGANELLES
9
Q
genetic material of bacterium?
A
SINGLE CIRCULAR DNA
10
Q
CELL WALL of bacterium is made of?
A
PEPITDOGLYCAN
11
Q
other special characteristics of bacterium cell?
A
- small circular DNA molecules (PLASMIDS)
- one or more FLAGELLA
12
Q
how do bacterial cells reproduce?
A
BINARY FISSION
13
Q
term for STRAIGHT and ROD shaped bacteria
A
BACILLUS
14
Q
term for SPHERICAL shaped bacteria
A
COCCUS
15
Q
term for SPIRAL shaped bacterial
A
SPIRILLUM
16
Q
similarities between PROKARYOTES and EUKARYOTES?
A
both have:
1. CELL SURFACE MEMBRANE
2. CYTOPLASM
3. RIBOSOMES
4. DNA as their ONLY genetic material
17
Q
differences between eukaryotes and prokaryotes
A
- size
- composition of cell wall
- presence of membrane bound organelles
- type of ribosomes
- location of ribosomes
- location of genetic material
- site of cellular respiration
- site of photosynthesis
18
Q
size of cell?
A
prokaryotes smaller than eukaryotes
19
Q
composition of cell wall
A
prokaryotes- peptidoglycan
eukaryotes-cellulose (plants) / chitin (fungi)
20
Q
presence of membrane bound organelles
A
prokaryotes- absent
eukaryotes-present
21
Q
type of ribosomes
A
prokaryotes- 70S
eukaryotes- 80S
22
Q
location of ribosomes
A
prokaryotes- freely suspended in cytosol
eukaryotes- either found on rough ER or freely suspended in cytosol
23
Q
location of genetic material
A
prokaryotes- DNA found in nucleoid region
eukaryotes- DNA found in nucleus
24
Q
site of cellular respiration
A
prokaryote- cell surface membrane
eukaryote- mitochondria
25
site of photosynthesis
*prokaryotes*- **photosynthetic cell surface membranes**
*eukaryotes*- **chloroplasts**
26
what can pneumococcal disease cause?
1. **middle ear infection**
2. lung infection **(pneumonia)**
3. **inflammation of brain membranes**
4. **inflammation of spinal cord membranes**
5. **infection of blood**
27
what bacteria is pneumococcal disease caused by?
***Streptococcus pneumoniae***
28
what are the MODES OF TRANSMISSION for pneumococcal disease?
1. **airborne droplets**
(person inhales droplets, reaches alveoli of lungs and you're screwed)
2. **contaminated surfaces**
29
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS of pneumococcal disease?
*MILD* : **pain, fever, swelling of affected body part**
*PNEUMONIA* : **chest pain, cough, difficulty breathing, fever**
30
how to DIAGNOSE pneumococcal disease?
1. **blood test**
2. **urine test**
3. **phlegm test**
4. **chest x-ray**
5. **spinal tap**
31
TREATMENT for pneumococcal disease
1. **antibiotics**
2. **vaccination**
3. **avoid close contact with infected people**
4. **wear a mask**
5. **wash hands frequently**
6. **avoid touching nose, eyes, mouth**
32
what are viruses?
**obligate intracellular parasites** that can **reproduce within a host cell**
33
why cant viruses multiply outside a living host cell?
**lack** of **cellular components** and **metabolic enzymes** to carry out **metabolism** and **synthesize proteins**
34
can viruses be seen under a microscope
**largest virus (500nm)** can **barely** be seen under a light microscope
35
living characteristics of viruses
1. **acquire and use energy**
2. **reproduce at a very fast rate**
3. **evolve through time, adapt to environment**
36
non-living characteristics of viruses
1. **no organelles**
2. **cannot carry out own metabolism or synthesize proteins**
3. **does not grow, move, respire, feed or excrete**
37
examples of viruses being **host specific**
1. **Bacteriophage** only infects **bacteria**
2. **Influenza virus** only infect **epithelial cells** of **respiratory tract of animals**
3. **HIV** only infects **blood cells**
4. **Tobacco mosaic virus** only infects **plant cells**
38
why are viruses host specific
ability to **interact** with **specific surface membrane proteins** on the **host cell surface membrane**
39
structure of a virus
1. contain **genetic material (DNA/RNA)** enclosed within a **protein coat (capsid)**
2. **some** viruses have **enzymes within the capsid**
3. **some** viruses have a **membranous envelope**
40
how does INFLUENZA infect a cell?
* has a **membranous envelope** containing **projections made out of protein**, which **attaches onto host cell**, gaining **entry**
* **epithelial cells** take in virus though **endocytosis**
41
mode of transmission of INFLUENZA
1. **airborne droplets**
2. **contact with contaminated surfaces**
42
signs and symptoms of INFLUENZA
1. **high fever between 39℃-41℃**
2. **sore throat**
3. **congestion**
4. **dry cough (no excessive mucus)**
5. **headache**
43
how to diagnose INFLUENZA
1. **signs and symptoms are present**
2. **laboratory tests**
44
treament for influenza
1. **antiviral drugs (blocking the release of virions from infected cells)**
2. **pain relievers** to alleviate symptoms of flu
3. **vaccines**
4. **same preventive measures mentioned for pneumococcal disease**
45
what are ANTIGENS?
* **surface membrane proteins** found on **pathogens** that are recognised by **leukocytes**
* **bind** to **specific receptors** on **leukocyte's cell surface membrane**
46
how does a white blood cell respond to recognising an ANTIGEN?
* **secretes antibodies**
**OR**
* kills pathogen by **phagocytosis**
47
what is an immune response
a **mechanism** used by a **host** to **defend itself against foreign pathogens**
48
another term for red and white blood cells
red blood cell - **erythrocyte**
white blood cell- **leukocyte**
49
where do blood cells arise from
**hematopoietic stem cells** found in the **bone marrow**
50
what process gives rise to blood cells
**hematopoiesis**
51
types of leukocytes (white blood cells)
1. **lymphocyte**
2. **neutrophil**
3. **macrophage**
52
details of a LYMPHOCYTE
% by volume: **20-25%**
cytoplasm: **few or no granules**
**little cytoplasm**
nucleus: **round**
53
functions of a LYMPHOCYTE
* **B lymphocytes** mature into **plasma B cells** that **produce and secrete antibodies** *OR* **memory B cells** that provide **long term immunity**.
* some **memory B cells** will **diffrentiate** into **plasma B cells**
54
details of a NEUTROPHIL
% by volume: **60-70% (majority)**
cytoplasm: **large, pale granules** containing **hydrolytic enzymes**
nucleus: **multi-lobed**
55
functions of a neutrophil
* **engulf and destroy** foreign bodies via **phagocytosis**
* **short lived**
* **circulates the blood**
56
details of MACROPHAGE
% by volume: **4-8%**
cytoplasm: **few to no granules**
nucleus: **kidney bean shaped**
57
functions of a MACROPHAGE
* **engulf and destroy** foreign bodies via **phagocytosis**
* **long lifespan**
* **move freely**, found in **almost all organs and tissues**
58
what is a vaccine?
contains an **agent resembling a pathogen** and **prevents infectious diseases** by **stimulating lymphocytes to quickly produce antibodies** when the **pathogen invades**
59
what is an antibody?
* **proteins** secreted by **lymphocytes** that bind to **specific antigens on pathogen**
* they can **kill pathogen directly** or **mark pathogen for further destruction** by **macrophages and neutrophils**
60
mode of action of vaccines
1. a **vaccine**, containing an **antigen**, enters the body
2. **antigen** binds to the **receptor of lymphocyte** that is complementary to shape of antigen, causes **lymphocyte** to **divide rapidly** and **differentiate** into **memory B cells** and **plasma B cells**
3. **plasma b cells** **secrete large amount of antibodies** into bloodstream
4. **antibodies** bind onto **antigen on the pathogen**, either **killing them** or **marking them for destruction** by **macrophages or neutrophils**
5. **memory B cells remain in body** and can **rapidly divide** or **differentiate into plasma B cells** during **future infections of the same pathogen** (**immunity**)
61
what is an antibiotic
**drug** used to treat **bacteria** by **interfering** with the **growth** and **metabolic activities** of bacteria
62
mode of action of ANTIBIOTICS
**inhibition of:**
1. **SYNTHESIS OF BACTERIAL CELL WALL**
**prevents** synthesis of peptidolycan cell wall, causes bacteria to **expand, burst and die** by **osmosis**
2. **BACTERIAL CELL MEMBRANE FUNCTION**
**breaks up** cell surface membrane
3. **RIBOSOME FUNCTION IN PROTEIN SYNTHESIS**
**binds to bacterial 70s ribosome**, **prevents** them from**synthesizing proteins**
4. **ENZYME ACTIVITY**
inhibits the **enzyme**needed for **synthesis of folic acid (needed for growth)**
5. **DNA REPLICATION**
inhibits **enzyme** needed for **DNA replication,** **preventing** bacteria from **dividing via binary fission**
63
how antibiotic resistant bacteria arise
1. colony of bacteria is exposed to **mutagenic agents**, causing **changes to genetic material**, allows some bacterial cells to **produce proteins that confer antibiotic resistance**
2. if amount of antibiotic is inadequate to kill the bacteria, **resistant bacteria will multiply**, **passing down their genes** for **antibiotic resistance** to the **next generation**, resulting in **more resistant bacteria**
3. **different** or **more powerful antibiotic** must be used to kill these resistant bacteria.
64
# H
how can antibiotic resistance be reduced?
1. **course of antibiotics** should be **completed**
2. **do not misuse or overuse antibiotics**
3. use antibiotics **only when neccessary**
