basic horticulture Flashcards
Name the distinctions between a tree and a shrub.
there are no clean cut answers.
what are the obvious indicators for recognizing a tree
tree:a plant having clearly defined trunk or trunks with a canopy or flush foliage at the top.
how does one define a shrub
low level branches for the ground up and foliage covering the entire branch
Describe annual plants
a plant that completes its life cycle or seed to vegetative to reproductive in one year. Some annuals are perennials in more mild climates
Describe herbs
can be annual, perennials or shrubs what makes them valuable put them in this category
bulbs
include tubers, corms, rhizomes, true bulbs, tuberous root
cacti and succulents
typically native to dry or desert climates. they store moisture in fleshy leaf or stem.
photosynthesis
the process of a plant, in light and chlorophyll present convert CO2 AND water produce simple sugars.
monocotyledon
Name the different areas of a monocotylendon
(grass)
- seedhead
- leaf
- blade
- midrib
- collar
- sheath
- node
- stem
- tiler
monocotyledon characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
- terminal bud only at top of plant
- no axillary or lateral buds
- a palm is and example
- netted root system
- leafs have parallel viens only
dicotyledonous characteristics
1.
2.
3.
4.
- dicots haver both terminal and laterial buds
- most flowering shrubs that are pruned back will grow again from multiple laterial
- can have tap root
- leaves have netted or branched viens
flower functions
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
- where rerproduction occurs
- principal male structure is stamen which contain the anther and filament
- principal female structure is the pistil which consists of the stigma,style. and ovary
- the fruit of the plant is generally the mature swollen ovary of the flower
- plants have reached full maturity when they car capable of initiating flowers
leaf function
1.
2.
3.
- house chlorophyll which produces food for the plant via photosynthesis
- cool plant via transpiration; water vapor (sweat)small opening in leaf called stomata help exchange water and CO2
- use glucose via respiration
Monocotyledon characteristics
- terminal buds only at the top
- no axillary or laterial buds
- palm tree that is topped off with die
- netted root system
- leaves have parallel viens only
dicotyledon characteristics
1
2
3
4
- dicots have both terminal buds and lateral buds
- most flowering shrubs that are pruned back will grow again for multiple lateral buds along the plants stem
- can have a tap root system
- leaves have a netted or branched veins
root functions
- different root system netted and tap
- anchor plant
- use stored glucose via respiration to grow, the reverse reaction of photosynthesis
- main storage are for glocosefrom photosynthesis
- takes up water and minerals nurtrient from the soil via roots
Stem Functions
- supports leaves
- store excess glucose
- moves water and dissolved nutrients from root to all parts of plant via xylem tissues
- move glucose produced by chlorophyll in the leaves to all partsa of the plant via phloem tissues
leaf functions
- house chlorophyll which produces glucose for the plant via photosynthesis
- cool the plant via transpiration is the lose of water through tiny holes in leaf call stomata which assist
- use glucose for respoiration
*
flower function
- where reproduction occurs
- principal male structure is the stamen which consists of the anther and filament
- principal female structure is the pistil which consists od the stigma, style and ovary
- the fruit of the plant is generally the mature swollen ovary of the flower
- all fruits and vegetables are botanically considered fruit.
- plants are said to reach maturity when they are capable of initiating flowers
seed function
- contains an embryonic plant in a dormant state of development
- contains food reserves to sustain the seed through germination
- remains dormant until environmental conditions(moisture, oxygen, temperature and light) are favorable for germination
*
describe deciduous plants
- only occurs with perennial plants
- plant loses all leaves for some periods of time
- shortened days (less light) and not colder temperatures induce the plant to stop chlorophyll production and drop leaves
evergreen plants
- always have green leaves
- older leaves are periodically shed throughout the season
plant development factors
- light
- temperature
- soil moisture content and nutrition
- nitrogen nutrition
*
the most common asked question is “HOW OFTEN SHOULD I WATER?” What are the three things which one should utilize to answer the customer question.
- plant: every plant will have a different need of water
- the climate of that plant will be one factor needing to be assessed. indoor, outdoor, humid, dry, etc
- season is a factor: a dormint plant needs far less water that a annual in the middle of summer/.
*
IPM
intergrated Pest Management
Guides and what are they
- examen leaf for signs of insects
* the insect itself or damage caused by insect; discoloration is not always caused by bugs - knowing the correct insect will boarden the chances for success
- if the leaf is discolored, before going straight to fertizer ask the water schedule usua;lly followed.
- if the plant is adequately watered suggest fertilizers
IPM
Prerventative practices
- select plant material that is resist pest and climate appropriate
- eliminate pest host plants, food, water, shelter and other requirements that allow pest to thrive
IPM
Cultural Practices
- irrigation set properly to prevent over and under watering plants
- proper a[pplication of fertilizers ,,,, many pest are attracted to flushes of new growth.
- fertilize during the right time of the year
- proper prunn ing practices: pruning helps with air circulation/eliminates protected area for pest to live and thrive. remove dead and infested branches prevents reinfestation and disease.
IPM
mechanical barries and devices
name 5
- hand tool weeding
- proper mowing heights for lawns
- yellow sticky traps for white flies
- traps and barries with copper edging for snail and slugs
- sticky barriers on tree trunks
IPM
biological Control
Name 5
- lady bug bettles
- praying mantises
- lace wing larvee
- predatory mites
- parasitic wasps
IPM
Narrow-range natural pesticides
name 2
- bacilius thuringiensis(Bt)
- insecticidial soapsand horticultureal oils such as neem oil
IPM
Broad-range natural pesticides/disease control
2
- pyrethrins
- sulfur/copper
IPM
chemical pesticides
name 4
- sevin
- Imidacloprid
- predatory mites
- parastic wasps
what are weeds
plants growing where it is unwanted. therefore even ornamental growing on it’s own is a weed.
what are the qualities that make weeds successful
- Reproduce in make ways: sexual (seed), asexual growth of a plant resprouts. produce many seeds
- produce small seeds
- seeds are effective at traveling (air, water, animal)
- pullingweeds often results in a broken plant and resprouting occurs
- roots and stem produce rhizones and runners
- very hardy and can live almost any where
- grow fast in comparison to crop plants
- seeds can stay dormant in the soil for a long time.
broadleaf weeds
- refer to dicotylendonous plants in an undireable location in the garden. often in lawns
1. broadleaf weed killers - monterey cred-E-Rad
- bonide weed beater ultra
- bayer lawn weed & crabgrass killer
grassy weeds
- refers to monocotylendonous plants in undedireable location in thwe garden. most often these weeds are in flower beds
- Green light Amaze (pre-emergent)
- monterey weed impede(pre-emergent)
herbicides
what are they and what do they effect
- they can typically kill all vegatation
- they target different stages of the weed or plants development
- pre-emergent
- post-emergent
pre-emergent
a type of herbicide which targets the germination of a plant and should be applied after mature weeds have been pull.
- stops the germination of seeds so customer should not use if seeds with be planted such as grass seed.
post-emergent
an herbicide which kill weeds after germination.
Remember to read the label
African Violet
saintpaulia spp.
flowering house plant. small cluster of purple and white flowers
dwarf Burning Bush
Euonumus alatus compactus
deciduous shrub. intense scarlet red fall coloring
firethorn
pyracantha
Thorny evergreen large shurb with white flowers, and red orange or yellow berries. flowers mid to late spring
August Beauty Gardenia
Gardenia augustifolia
Evergreen flowering shrub with white fragant flowers
Southern Indica Azalea
Large growing evergreen premier shrub.
showy single bloom in spring
Autumn Fern
Dryopteris erthrosora
small to medium perennial ; soft textured fronds with red tints
Red Maple
Acer rebrum
Large deciduous tree. Brilliant orange and scalet leaves in fall
caladium
Caladium x hortulanum
colorful annual foliage plant.
Corms can be dug up and saved over winter
Chinese Evergreen
Aglaonema modestum
small low-light house plant usually has variegated foliage
Croton
Codiaeum variegatum
Colorful tropical or HP Multicolor foliage. no flowers
Lantana
Lantana sp
sun loving annual. drought tolerant.
some perennial varieties
butterfly bush
buddieia
summer flowering deciduous large fast growing
shrub. Attracts birds and butterflies
lavender
lavendula augustifolia
fragrant perennial. Grey foliage. Blue/purple flowers
live oak
quercus virginiana
state tree of GA. evergreen foliageon very large tree
PANSY
viola x wittrockiana
winter annual, lots of color. Like
sunny cold weather
peace Lily
Spathiphyillum
medium HP with large green leaves and white flowers
Phalaenopsis Orchids
Phalaenopsis spp.
long lasting HP many blooms on stem
Pothos
Epopremnum aureum
Vining easy to grow HP in all light conditions
Rabbiteye Blueberry
vaccinium ashei
flowering and fruiting shrub. Blue/green foliage
blue/purple edible fruit
River Birch
Betrula nigra
small tro medium shade tree with multi trunk
and white bark
weeping fig
Ficus benjamina
HP tree got high light area.
does not like to be moved
Yoshino Cherry
Prunus X yedoensis
sun loving annual. warm colors. mass planting and cutting
Daylily
Hemerocallis hybrids
decid. perennial wirh trumpet yellow, red, and orange
eastern redbud
Cercis canadensis
small flowering tree with heart shaped
LEAVES AND PINK FLOWERS.
endless summer
hydrangea
hydrangea macrophyllia
decid shrub with large blue mop head flowers late spring/summer
compacta Holly
iiex glabra compacta
deer resistant evergreen shrubbloomsspring
with white flowers. black berries through winter
dwarf grower
Nitrogen
Green plants nutrient
too much is a bad thing
PHosphorus
the essential function is energy store and transfer
a good supply in young plants ensure the plant will flower
it;s also important for fruit production and considered essential for seed formation
potassium
over all health of the plabt
SE and NW it is leached for the soil
mid-west and Western us have abundant soiuces due to low rainfall
Calcium
essential for cell elongation and division
calcium is not mobile in plants, so to correct bloomrot it needs to be sprayed on to the blooms to correct the current crop and it should be add to the soil to assist in next years crop.
Magnesium
will only appear deficient is in very sandy or acidic soils.
It is an important part of chlorophyll.
Sulfur
helps acidify the soil
Iron
important part of chlorophyll production pigment in plants also how plants make food.
nitrogen deficiency
leaf coloration
light green or yellow on lower leaves
which eventually die
necrosis
crop growth
stunted and weak ,early leaf loss
plant may mature early
phosphorus deficiency
leaf coloration
purple or dark blue-green first appears on lower older leaves
crop growth
plants develop and matures slowly
Potassium deficiency
Leaf Coloration
Yellow, brown tissue bewtween viens
necrosis along leaf blade. Symptoms on mature lower leaves
chlorosis white spects on leaves
Crop Growth
Slow growth, shortened internodes leaves can appears wilted
Sulfur Definiency
leaf coloration
yellow-green coloration in leaf blades and viens appears on younger plant parts
crop growth
slow growth, plants mature early
Calcium Definiency
Leaf coloration
white strips along leaf margins
chlorosis on younger plants
crop growth
death of buds and some roots small leavesa
