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Neuroanatomy > Basic Gross Anatomy of CNS and PNS > Flashcards

Basic Gross Anatomy of CNS and PNS Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the two subdivisions of the nervous system and what is included in each?

A

CNS > Only the Brain and spinal cord (the central controller)
PNS > All other nervous tissue not in the CNS > spinal nerves, cranial nerves, autonomic nerves, somatic sensory and somatic motor

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2
Q

What is the basic unit of the nervous system?

A

Neurons

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3
Q

What are neurons?

A

They are nerve cells which receive and conduct nerve impulses

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4
Q

What is a collection of nerve cell bodies called in the PNS vs what it is called in the CNS?

A
  • A collection of nerve cell bodies in the CNS is called a nucleus
    • A collection of nerve cell bodies in the PNS is called a ganglion
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5
Q

What are dendrites?

A

Dendrites are the short distance communications with adjacent neurons. Dendrites receive and conduct information/ action potentials towards the cell body, they are basically extensions that increase surface area for reception.

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6
Q

What are axons?

A

The axon is the longest process extending from the cell body, they are much longer than dendrites in distance (can be up to 1m in length), these axons conduct information away from the cell body to communicate with other neurons and effector organs e.g. muscles, glands and organs.

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7
Q

What are many axons surrounded by? What is it

A

A myelin sheath.

Myelin sheaths greatly increase speed of conduction of action potentials.

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8
Q

What is the myelin sheath produced by in the PNS?

What is it produced by in the CNS?

A

In the PNS it is produced by Schwann cells

In the CNS it is produced by oligodendrocytes

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9
Q

Describe the structure of multipolar neurons?

A

2 or more dendrites, most common neurons, all motor neurons for skeletal muscle and autonomic nervous system, cell body found in CNS but axon crosses over into PNS to come down to effector organs

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10
Q

What is most common multipolar or unipolar neurons?

A

multipolar

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11
Q

Describe the structure of unipolar neurons?

A

cell body with single process arising from it which then splits into a dendritic process and an axon, cell body is found in the PNS

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12
Q

Multipolar neurons are important components of the _____1______ The action potential moves ___2____ the body wall.

A

1) motor (efferent) system

2) towards

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13
Q

Unipolar neurons are important components of the ______1________ The action potential moves ___2____ the body wall.

A

1) sensory (afferent) system

2) away from

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14
Q

What is a nerve? What are they called in the CNS?

A

A nerve is a collection of axons surrounded by connective tissue and blood vessels
When this occurs in PNS it is nerve
When it occurs in CNS it is called a tract

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15
Q

All of the axons within a nerve are travelling to or from the ________________

A

same body region or structure

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16
Q

All of the axons within a nerve fibre can be ________

A

single modality or mixed modality

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17
Q

Are tracts usually single or mixed modality?

A

single

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18
Q

Most nerves are mixed modality but relative modalities may be mentioned explain?

A

For example a motor nerve may be 60% motor but also have sensory for things like proprioception and pain
Also a sensory nerve may have some motor for sweat glands

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19
Q

Which cranial nerves have sensory modality ONLY?

A

olfactory, optic, vestibulocochlear

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20
Q

Which cranial nerves have motor modality ONLY?

A

oculomotor, trochlear, abducent, spinal accessory, hypoglossal

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21
Q

Which cranial nerves have BOTH sensory and motor modality?

A

trigeminal, facial, glossopharyngeal, vagus

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22
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the forebrain?

A

olfactory and optic

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23
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the midbrain?

A

oculomotor and trochlear

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24
Q

Which cranial nerve arises from the pons?

A

trigeminal

25
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the pontomedullary junction?

A

abducent, facial and vestibulocochlear

26
Q

Which cranial nerves arise from the medulla?

A

glossopharyngeal, vagus, hypoglossal

27
Q

Which cranial nerve arises from the spinal cord?

A

spinal accessory

28
Q

Parasympathetic and sympathetic systems are controlled by what part of the brain?

A

The hypothalamus which has descending fibres that reach the brainstem and spinal cord

29
Q

Sympathetic innervation is also known as thoracolumbar outflow. This is because _________________

A

the pre-synaptic sympathetic nerve cell bodies are only found at spinal cord levels T1-L2

30
Q

What levels of the spinal cord have lateral horns?

A

T1-L2

31
Q

Why are lateral horns important?

A

this is where the cell bodies of pre-synaptic sympathetic neurons are found

32
Q

Describe the path of sympathetic innervation from the spinal cord to the sympathetic trunk?

A

Passes through anterior rootlets
Passes into a spinal nerve and then into the anterior rami
It then almost immediately leaves the anterior rami and passes through the branch known as white rami
From the white rami it passes into the sympathetic trunk

33
Q

Once sympathetic innervation passes into the sympathetic trunk what are the four potential routes it could take?

A

1) Ascend and then synapse
2) Synapse at the level of entry
3) Descend and then synapse
4) Pass through the sympathetic trunk without synapsing to enter an abdomino pelvic splanchnic nerve (for innervation of abdominopelvic viscera only)

34
Q

The sympathetic chain runs the entire length of the vertebral column hence ________

A

Are able to convey sympathetic fibres into all 31 pairs of spinal nerves. All spinal nerves contains somatic motor, somatic sensory and sympathetic modalities.

35
Q

Describe the path sympathetic innervation takes to the heart? What parts of the heart have sympathetic innervation?

A

synapses in the cervical or upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia before entering the cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves (nerves go to the SA node, AV node and myocardium)

36
Q

Describe the path sympathetic innervation takes to the lungs? What parts of the lungs have sympathetic innervation?

A

synapses in upper thoracic paravertebral ganglia before travelling through cardiopulmonary splanchnic nerves (nerves go to bronchiolar smooth muscle and mucus glands)

37
Q

Describe the path sympathetic innervation takes to the abdominopelvic organs?

A

presynaptic fibres DON’T synapse in the sympathetic chain but pass into abdominpelvic splanchnic nerves and then synapse in the prevertebral ganglia, then they form periarterial plexuses around the arteries and follow the arteries out to the organs they are going to supply.

38
Q

Describe the path sympathetic innervation takes to the adrenal glands?

A

presynaptic axons pass through the aorticorenal ganglion to synapse directly onto the adrenaline/ noradrenaline secreting cells of the medulla

39
Q

What nerves provide parasympathetic innervation?

A

Cranial nerves 3,7,9 and 10

Sacral nerves S2, S3 and S4

40
Q

Describe the path parasympathetic innervation from the oculomotor nerve takes and what it supplies?

A

synapses in the ciliary ganglion to go and supply the eye

41
Q

Describe the path parasympathetic innervation from the facial nerve and the glossopharyngeal nerve takes and what it supplies?

A

synapses in parasympathetic ganglion of the head (pterygopalatine, otitic and submandibuar) to supply the lacrimal and salivary glands

42
Q

Describe the path parasympathetic innervation from the vagus nerve takes and what it supplies?

A

travels as far as the splenic flexure, provides innervation by synapsing on the wall of the organ it is supplying

43
Q

Describe the path parasympathetic innervation from the sacral nerves takes and what it supplies?

A

supplies hindgut, pelvis and perineum, synapse in or on the walls of the target organ

44
Q

Each body segment is supplied by a single pair of ___1_____ Those structures are being supplied with ________2__________

A

1) spinal nerves arising at that vertebral level

2) somatic general sensory, motor function that is somatic and sympathetic as well as reflex functions

45
Q

Give some examples of somatic sensory and somatic motor symptoms some patients may experience?

A

Somatic sensory: Pain (neuralgia), pins and needles (paraesthesia), sensitivity (hyperaesthesia), temperature perceptions, loss of co-ordination/ balance/ clumsiness (ataxia)
Somatic motor: muscle stiffness, tightness or spasm (cramp), muscle floppiness or looseness (reduced tone/ hypotonia), muscular weakness (reduced power), loss of co-ordination/ balance/ clumsiness (ataxia)

46
Q

How many pairs of spinal nerves are there and where are they found?

A

31 pairs
Found only in the intervertebral foramina
8 cervical, 12 thoracic, 5 lumbar, 5 sacral, and 1 coccygeal

47
Q

Spinal nerves connect structures of the soma via __1___

They connect with the spinal cord segment of the same number via ______2_________

A

1) rami

2) roots and rootlets

48
Q

Describe how spinal nerves are named?

A

C1-C7 will emerge from above their vertebrae
This changes when get to C8 emerges below the vertebrae and then this is the rest
e.g. T1 emerges from below T1 vertebrae

49
Q

ALL motor axons pass from the ___1___ horn of the spinal cord into the ___2_____ rootlets then into the ___3_____ root then into the ____4_____

ALL sensory axons pass from the spinal nerve into the ____5____ root then into the ____6____ rootlets then into the__7_____ horn of the _____8____

A

1) anterior
2) anterior
3) anterior
4) spinal nerve
5) posterior
6) posterior
7) posterior
8) spinal cord

50
Q

Describe the anterior horns of the spinal cord?

A

It is also called ventral
It is bigger because it has a bigger area to supply
It is where motor axons arise from (ie the anterior horn gives rise to motor rootlets)

51
Q

Describe the posterior horns of the spinal cord?

A

It is also called dorsal
It is smaller because it has a smaller area to supply
It is where sensory axons pass to (ie the posterior horn gives rise to motor rootlets)

52
Q

What is the dorsal root ganglion?

A

Location of cell bodies of primary sensory neurons

53
Q

What are nerve plexuses?

A

Intermingled anterior rami from a number of adjacent spinal nerves
(Only anterior rami intertwine, posterior nerves don’t)

54
Q

Name 4 nerve plexuses?

A

Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
Lumbar plexus
Sacral plexus

55
Q

What are the nerve roots of the cervical plexus and what does it supply?

A

C1-C4

Posterior scalp, neck and diaphragm

56
Q

What are the nerve roots of the brachial plexus and what does it supply?

A

C5-T1

Upper limb

57
Q

What are the nerve roots of the lumbar plexus and what does it supply?

A

L1-L4

Lower limb

58
Q

What are the nerve roots of the sacral plexus and what does it supply?

A

L5-S4

Lower limb, gluteal region and perineum

Neuroanatomy (11 decks)

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