Basic Genetics

Question 1

Why is understanding genetics important?

Answer 1

Inheritance of blood grouping
Vital in Transfusion Medicine

Question 2

What is known as specific location of a gene on a chromosome?

Answer 2

Locus

Question 3

What is a silent gene that does not produce detectable antigen?

Answer 3

Amorph
Such as O

Question 4

What are traits that are not carried on sex chromosomes?

Answer 4

Autosomal

Question 5

What are the major areas of concern in blood bank in regards to population genetics?

Answer 5

Mendel’s Laws of Inheritance
Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Question 6

What was the name first given to genes?

Answer 6

Elementen

Question 7

What is Mendel’s first law?

Answer 7

Independent Segregation
Each gene is passed on the next generation

Question 8

What is Mendel’s second law?

Answer 8

Independent Assortment
Genes for different traits are inherited separately

Question 9

What is significant about Parental Pure?

Answer 9

Homozygous (Red or White flowers)
Aka P1

Question 10

What do we see in First Filial (F1)?

Answer 10

All red flowers
Heterozygous

Question 11

What do we see in the Second Filial (F2)?

Answer 11

Red/White ratio of 3:1

Question 12

What manner are most blood group genes inherited in?

Answer 12

Co-dominance
Both alleles are expressed

Question 13

What is the exception to Mendel’s Law?

Answer 13

Closely linked traits can be inherited as a single unit

Question 14

A large population, random mating, no mutations, and no migration is characteristic of what?

Answer 14

Criteria for the Hardy-Weinberg Principle

Question 15

What is known as the trait to be studied?

Answer 15

Pedigree

Question 16

What is a double line between a male and female indicate?

Answer 16

Consanguineous mating (Incest)

Question 17

What is known as the most interesting member of the pedigree and how do we indicate it?

Answer 17

Propositus
Indicated by an arrow

Question 18

What is autosomal recessive?

Answer 18

Child inherited recessive gene from both parents
Homozygous

Question 19

What is Autosomal dominance?

Answer 19

All family members carry the allele and show the characteristic

Question 20

What is the difference between X-linked Dominance vs. Recessive?

Answer 20

D: Daughters will have the trait (Xga blood group)
Sons don’t have trait
R: Daughters carry the trait

Question 21

What is an example of X-linked inheritance?

Answer 21

Hemophilia A

Question 22

What includes the study of the cell cycle, mitosis, and meiosis?

Answer 22

Cellular Genetics

Question 23

What stains as dark bands?

Answer 23

Heterochromatin

Question 24

What is the swollen form and is more active?

Answer 24

Euchromatin

Question 25

What helps the chromosome maintain its shape and is a highly basic protein?

Answer 25

Histones

Question 26

What is known as the “backbone” of heredity?

Answer 26

DNA Basic pH Antiparallel strands Spiral staircase

Question 27

What stabilizes base pairs?

Answer 27

Interatomic Hydrogen Bonding Van der Waals Forces

Question 28

In what manner are daughter cells replicated?

Answer 28

Bidirectional Manner

Question 29

What enzymes are most active in the replication stage?

Answer 29

DNA Gyrase (Opens coils) DNA Helicase (Separates strands) DNA Polymerase III (Proof reader)

Question 30

What are new fragments of DNA called?

Answer 30

Okazaki Fragments

Question 31

What accomplishes the joining of Okazaki Fragments?

Answer 31

DNA Polymerase I DNA Ligase

Question 32

what are the major DNA repair systems?

Answer 32

Photo Reactivation (UV Radiation) Excision (Cleave) Recombinational (Correct supply) Mismatch (Proofread) SOS (Damage)

Question 33

What is known as the “go-between” or “link” of DNA?

Answer 33

RNA Uracil in place of Thymine 5’ to 3’

Question 34

What are the four types of RNA?

Answer 34

Ribosomal RNA Messenger RNA Transfer RNA Small RNA

Question 35

What undergoes synthesis before it can be transferred?

Answer 35

Messenger RNA

Question 36

What is altered in amount and type during cell growth?

Answer 36

Small RNA

Question 37

What makes up a large part of the ribosomes and ER?

Answer 37

Ribosomal RNA

Question 38

What are the two major processes of protein synthesis?

Answer 38

Transcription/Translation

Question 39

What is an Intron?

Answer 39

Eukaryotic mRNA intervening substances Non-coding section

Question 40

What is the role of an Exon?

Answer 40

Coding section of a gene

Question 41

What are the stop codons?

Answer 41

UAA UGA UAG

Question 42

What are the major steps in the Translation process?

Answer 42

Initiation Elongation (One by One) Termination (Amino acid cannot be charged)

Question 43

What are the stages of the cell cycle?

Answer 43

Resting Stage (G0) Pre-replication stage (G1) S Stage Post-replication stage (G2) M phase

Question 44

What is known as the gap between DNA synthesis and mitosis?

Answer 44

Post-replication stage (G2)

Question 45

What are the stages of Mitosis?

Answer 45

(Interphase) Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase

Question 46

What is Anaphase?

Answer 46

Spindle apparatus is formed and chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends

Question 47

Which stage is the cell pulled apart and result in two new daughter cells?

Answer 47

Telophase

Question 48

What is known as homologous pairs moving to opposite poles of the cell and result in two sister chromatids?

Answer 48

Anaphase I (4N)

Question 49

What allows for great genetic diversity in Meiosis?

Answer 49

Uniqueness of daughter cells