Basic English Flashcards
what year are you in?
freshman
sophomore(/ˈsɒfəmɔː/)
Junior
senior
auxiliary (ɔːɡˈzɪlɪəri)
کمکی
questions: simple present-simple past
question word+auxiliary+subject+base form(verb)
what did they talk about?
question word+be+subject+adjective
Where are you from?
where were you born?
present continuous
be+verb+-ing
-happen now
-for temporary things that is happening now, this week
-to describe a picture
-future meeting
simple present
base form+3rd person+(-s,-es,…)
simple present vs present continuous
simple generally true
continuous for an action happening now or at this moment
extroverted
برون گرا
portrait
typical
rug
تصویر
معمولی
قالیچه
symbolizes
infidelity
نماد میکند
خیانت
approximately
تقریبا
editor
assistant
سردبیر
دستیار
, extra data,
can be deleted
which is
by the way
راستی
lap
draw
paint
ران
نقاشی با مداد
نقاشی با رنگ
one of the
بعدش چی میاد
جمع باید باشه
what were they?
They are teachers
What are they?
Are they teachers?
زمان حال
گذشته بوده هنوز هم هست
typical
رایج
clothes
kləʊðz
the couple
the couples
is
are
she was expecting
باردار بود
pregnant
punctual
sightseeing
وقت شناس
گردش
It is painted by David
David painted this picture
royal
palace
hostel
sunbathed
سلطنتی
کاخ
مهمان خانه
تلفظ سان بید
disaster
irritated
monument
attendant
فاجعه
عصبانی و خشمگین شدن
بنای تاریخی
خدمه
Hispanic
break up
اسپانیایی
بریک آپ
although
tense
آلدو بااینکه
مضطرب نگران
they went
they were
حرف اضافه
to
in
everybody
people
جمع و غیر جمع
was
were
arrived in
arrived at
بزرگ
کوچک
past progressive
past continuous
subject+was/were+verb+ing+object
past progressive+when+past simple
past progressive+while+past progressive
announce
اعلام کردن
people
everybody
were
was
rebel
anarchist
revolution
شورشی
هرج و مرج طلب
انقلاب
furious
demonstration
aristocrat
خشمگین
تظاهرات
اشراف زاده
intensive
متمرکز، فشرده
negative question
why are you not listening
شگفتی
عصبانیت
متقاعد کردن
irritating
exhibit
improbable
drastic
آزاردهنده
نمایشگاه
غیر محتمل
شدید
photographing(sound)
/ˈfəʊtəɡrɑːf/
be going to
to be + going to + verb (gonna)
1. planned future
2. prediction
going to vs will
going to
آینده نزدیک/شواهد موجود/قصد
will
پیشبینی آینده دور/تصمیم لحظه‌ای/قول/پیشنهاد/مطمئن
(sound)
direction
orchid
/dɪˈrɛkʃn,dʌɪˈrɛkʃn/
/ˈɔːkɪd/
دی ریکشن
drop
pick
حرف اضافه
off
up
nightmare
facilities
ambassadors
to board
کابوس
امکانات
سفیران
سوار شدن
present continues
(sound)
happening now
for temporary things that happening now, week
describe picture
future arrangements
I am watching the final match tomorrow
I am having a surprise party on the weekend
day
month
حرف اضافه
on Monday
in July
it is on the fourth of June
it is on June fourth
adopt
pub
gastronomy
expressions
قبول کردن
میخانه
غذا شناسی
اصطلاح
convention
contestant
مجمع
قرارداد
شرکت کننده
kənˈtest(ə)nt
a 40-hour language
40 hours
40-hour صفت
sparkling
still
گازدار
ساده
get in touch
be in touch
keep in touch
lose touch
type of touch
day + month = the + day + of + month
month + day
the 17th of August
The 1st of May
August 17th
May 1st
clause:
1. starts with a wh-word
2. (has a subject)
3. has a verb
4. doesn’t have a complete
meaning
This is the restaurant where Ben and Lily went to
Summer is the season when I was born in
The restaurant, where Ben and Lily went to, is called Leula
The cat, which is sitting on Mr. Clark, is a symbol of infidelity
infidelity
خیانت
sound
sweater
borrow
sweh·tr
ˈbɒrəʊ
messy
look after
reputation
caregiver
بی نظم
مراقبت کردن
شهرت/آبرو
مراقب
could instead of can
برای آینده غیر واقعی
“توانستن” یا “امکان داشتن” در شرایط فرضی است
درخواست محترمانه و مودبانه
احتمال ضعیف
preposition pp 2
just=>have/has+just+pp.
a short time ago
finished actions
I have just finished the project.
already=>have/has+already+pp
finished action
longer time ago
I have already listened to this music.
preposition pp 3
recently == lately
I have done a lot of work recently.
Have you watched any movies recently?
so far == up to now
I have traveled to the North 10 times up to now.
present perfect
Subject+have/has+past participle+object
1.finished actions
its results
2.unfinished action
from the past to now
preposition pp 1
since/for
I have stayed(been) in the class since 7:00 - for 2 years.
yet=>in negatives and questions at the end
unfinished actions
The class hasn’t finished yet.
Has the class finished yet?
present perfect progressive
have/has + been + verb + ing
We have been working in this department for 10 years
We have been developing this project for 1 month.
تداوم و استمرار
present perfect progressive vs present perfect
حال کامل ساده بیشتر روی نتیجه‌ی یک عمل یا اتفاق تاکید دارد، در حالی که حال کامل استمراری روی مدت زمان یا استمرار عمل تمرکز میکند.
to be
am/is/are
was/were
p.p => been
غیر قابل شمارش
time/hair/wood/fruit
خودش غیر قابل شمارش
واحد قابل شمارش
reputation
شهرت/آبرو
messy
caregivers
look after
بی نظم
مراقبین
مراقبت کردن
ironing
iron
ˈī(ə)rniNG
ˈī(ə)rn
grocery
خواروبار
exclusive
انحصاری
diagnosed
تشخیص داده شده
ˈdʌɪəɡnəʊz
secretarial
منشی
ˌsekrəˈterēəl
sewing
خیاطی
ˈsōiNG
bridegroom
داماد
goodness
خوبی
reception
مهمانی رسمی
strips
نوارها
the cold light of day
بدون جانبداری(فکر منطقی)
Stripes(sound)
strʌɪp
راه راه
مثل اونی که تو کامیپوتر دیده بود نیست
He didn’t look like the thing on the computer
a pair of
vs
2 pairs of
pants
pants
could
به جای
can
درخواست محترمانه
آینده غیر واقعی
p.p
ماضی نقلی
میدونیم کی شروع شده و پایانش رو هم میدونیم
در کل میگه نه همین الان
از گذشته تا حالا
اول ماضی نقلی میپرسه و بعد سوالا گذشتس
survey
نظرسنجی
tiring
خسته کننده
encourage
تشویق کردن
illusion
توهم
fictional
تخیلی
اگر در کنار یک فرد حقیقی باشد به معنای افسانه‌ای است
puzzled
متحیر شده
quite
kwīt
کاملا
p.p
کی استفاده میشه
ربط به الان داشته باشه
برای بیان تجربه
priority
اولویت
بعد از حرف اضافه
حرف اضافه + verb+ing
حرف اضافه to استثنا است
inhabitant
ساکن
as the minutes go pass
go past
میگذرد
present perfect progressive
تاکید خیلی زیاد
who
vs
whom
who = showing the subject
whom = showing the object
The man who is talking to the manager is my colleague
The man with whom I took a picture is a famous actor.
some
any
no
(positive) there is something wrong with this code
(negative, question) there isn’t anything to eat
Is there anything to eat?
(negative in positive form) there is nowhere to sleep
verb+ed
verb+ing
adjective
= showing feelings
= showing the cause of a feeling
I was bored because the movie was boring.
I terrified(verb) the guests with a terrifying scene.
comparison between two
1 syllable => adj + r/er
taller
3/4 syllable => more/less + adj
more intelligent
much/a lot + comparative adj + than
much more expensive
X very is wrongX
comparison between two
2 syllable
r/er => l / ow / y
simpler / shallower / happier
more/less => ing / ed / less / est / ful
boring / tired / useless / honest / careful
comparing two nouns
talking about similarities
as + adjective + as
Jack is as tall as Ben
comparing two actions
as + adverb of manner + as
mary works as efficiently(hard) as jane
comparing numbers
as + many + plural countable noun + as
brian has as many houses as jack
comparing amounts
as + mush + uncountable noun + as
fred don’t have much time as jack
superlatives = talking about differences
1 syllable => the + adj + st / est
the tallest
3/4 syllable => the + most/least + adj
the most expensive
(than/very/a lot/much) is wrong
inhabitant(s)
ساکنان
salesperson
فروشنده
salesperson has s
gardener
ˈɡärd(ə)nər
newsstand
دکه
impatient
im => not
عجول
diabetes
دایابیتیز
ˌdīəˈbēdēz
anxious
مضطرب
ˈaNG(k)SHəs
اِنگشس
vitamin
ˈvīdəmən
immune
مصون
midday
ظهر
invention
اختراع
certainly
قطعا
ˈsərtnlē
intellectually
از نظر فکری
ˌin(t)əˈlek(t)SH(əw)əlē
complicated
پیچیده
psychology
psychologist
روانشناسی
روانشناس
stimulate
stimulus
stimuli
تحریک کردن
محرک ˈstimyələs
محرک‌ها sti·myuh·lai
populated
population
adjective
ˈpɒpjʊleɪtɪd
one of the biggest cities
the biggest city
cities are plural
silm
skinny
لاغر خوش اندام
لاغر زشت
Eiffel
آی فِل
change
پول خرد
he gave back the change
Souvenir
soo·vuh·neer
وقتی کلی میگیم نمیشماریم
fruit
money
time
روزنامه خریدم به قیمت ۴ یورو
I bought a newspaper for four euros
too
very
enough
not enough
Tehran is too populated.
Tehran is a very expensive city => undesirable
This hotel is very comfortable =>
desirable
I have enough colleagues to create a team.
I am tall enough to reach the top shelf.
too
very
enough
not enough
too=>more than enough
very=>undesirable = but can do it
very=>desirable = can and want to do it
enough => adjective + enough
enough + plural count noun
enough + uncountable noun
Pastry
شیرینی
keep up
ادامه دادن
enormous
عظیم
iˈnôrməs
keen
مشتاق
receipt
rəˈsēt
رسید
constraint
محدودیت
keen
interested
حرف اضافه
be interested in sth
be keen on sth
across the street
اونور خیابون
اگه بخوایم بگیم جلوتر
in front of
cash
card
حرف اضافه
in cash
by card
go + activity + ing
play + ball sports
do + martial arts
go skiing/swimming
play football/basketball
so yoga/karate
pessimist
بدبین
constantly
دائما
passionate
پرشور
optimist
خوش بینانه
doubt
شک
/dout/
renovating
در حال بازسازی
moved into
اسباب کشی
‘d
would + فعل ساده
had + قسمت سوم
MD
doctor of medicine
France
frans
20’s
early
late
mid
قید تکرار
adverbs of frequency
specific name with the
(the + specific name) is wrong
the + adj + specific name
the tall ali
keep برای چه استفاده میشود
تداوم
keep + verb + ing
kept picking up the phone
pronunciation
violin
owl
frightened(حرف اضافه)
on tree/in tree
know
angry اضافه
what اضافه
amateur
marathon
previous
ˌvīəˈlin
oul
ˈfrītnd
frightened of
روی نوک درخت یا روی شاخه‌های درخت
noo
angry with
what about
ˈamədər
ˈmerəˌTHän
ˈpərvēəs
indeed
very interesting indeed
واقعا
promotion
ارتقا
review
questionnaire
بررسی کردن
پرسشنامه
legal
drug
improve
synchronized
according to
further
effective
قانونی
دارو
بهتر کردن
هماهنگ شده
با توجه به
بیشتر
موثر
by 15 percent
کوچکتر و مساوی ۱۵ درصد
it + must be + so that + is
it is
the music must be carefully chosen so that the tempo is synchronized with the exercise
repetitive
rəˈpedədiv
تکراری
elite
iˈlēt
نخبگان
record
to record
اسم-رکورد-با اِ شروع میشه
فعل-ضبط کردن-ری کورد
metronome
وسیله که تیک تیک میکنه
athletic
athletes
aTH(ə)ˈledik ورزشی
ˈaTH(ə)ˌlēt ورزشکار
sociology
جامعه شناسی
demonstration
تظاهرات
نمایش
pillar
ستون
ˈpilər
precious
گرانبها
would like
تمایل داشتن
si-fi
science fiction
fictional
تخیلی
حرف اضافه
weekend
on weekend
on Monday
won’t
will not
infinitive
مصدر
to + verb
1. after some special verb:
want/need/would like
he wants to buy a car
2. after adjective
nice to meet you
3. showing reasons
to = in order to
I want to change my job to see the doctor
infinitive
مصدر
to + verb
4. when the subject of the sentence and the subject of the noun clause are the same
after wh-words in the clause
wh-word + to + verb
I don’t want you to know where to go
I don’t know what to order
infinitive
مصدر
to + verb
false subject
to have a healthy diet is necessary
it is necessary to have a healthy diet
to attend the meeting is vital
it is vital to attend the meeting
vital
حیاتی
gerund
اسم مصدر
verb + ing
1. as a subject
swimming in the lake is dangerous
2. as an object of a verb
enjoy/hate/mind
I enjoy listening to the music
Do you mind if I sit there?
gerund
اسم مصدر
verb + ing
3. after prepositions
think of/talk about/interest in
I think of traveling on the weekend
4. to start a list
منفی کردن در حالت مصدر و اسم مصدر
not
I hate not being invited to a formal ceremony
It is important not to have stress in your life
who
vs
whom
The man who is speaking is my boss.
The woman who is sitting over there is my wife
زن نشسته - رییس صحبت کرده
The man whom I take a picture with is my colleague.
The man whom the police arrested was a thief.
همکار عکس رو نگرفته
دزد دستگیر نکرده
modals
بعد از ان از فعل ساده(مصدر بدون to) استفاده میشود
X should you not to do X
is wrong
you shouldn’t do
onto
بر روی
historical
phrase
تاریخی
عبارت
terrific
فوق العاده
narrow
باریک
fort
قلعه
desperate
ناامید
dialed
تلفظ
دایلد
still
با این حال
at least
حداقل
waiter
actor
waitress
actress
رژیم گرفتن
go on a diet
modal
vs
auxiliary
auxiliary
شکلشون عوض میشه ولی معنی عوض نمیشه
modal
شکلشون عوض نمیشه ولی معنی رو عوض میکنه
get
vs
earn
earn پولی
get نمره
a series of (article or articles)
articles
can not گذشته
mustn’t
couldn’t
ماسنت ˈmʌsnt
در جمله‌های دو فعلی فعل دوم به صورت
ing / to
می‌آید
گاهی مواقع هر دو امکان پذیر است
ing کلی
to الان
expect فعل دوم
to speak
obligation
تعهد
Modals of obligation
- should (a suggestion بهتره)
you should clean your desk
shouldn’t you clean your desk? - had better (kind of warning free to say yes or no)
you had better go to the doctor for your cough
You’d better wear your gloves in this weather.
you’d better not go close to that dog
Had you better not shout here?
منفی کردن modal
modal + not + verb
Modals of obligation
- must + verb (internal force, local law, emergency situation)
I must stop at the traffic light.
You must stop bleeding.
You must study before the class. - have to + verb (modal-like) هم معنی رو تغییر میده هم شکل رو
(external force, general law)
I have to reduce my speed because of the speed camera.
You have to get 12 to pass the exam.
prohibition
ممنوعیت
Modals of obligation
- must not = mustn’t (strong prohibition, general law)
People mustn’t drink alcohol in Iran.
You mustn’t wear shorts at work. - (don’t,doesn’t) + have to + verb (not necessary)
I don’t have to wear a uniform at work.
He doesn’t have to speak French in America.
past obligation
had to
I had to start work at 7:00 in my previous work.
temperature
fever
تب خفیف
تب شدید
I usually watch
usually, I am watching
دومی اشتباه است
قید تکرار فقط با حالت ساده
and
وقتی دو جلمه با
and
به یکدیگر متصل میشوند باید زمان هر دو جمله یکی باشد
It will rain
It will be rainy
فعل
صفت
jealous
حسود
املا
aerospace
هوا و فضا
surprisingly
not surprisingly
به طور شگفت انگیزی
جای تعجب نیست
fewer
blizzard
snowstorm
monsoon
cyclone
devastating
کمتر fyoo·ur
کولاک
طوفان برف
باران موسمی
طوفان
ویرانگر
by
از طریق
the احتیاج ندارد
شهر و کشور و اسم و فامیل
dreamily
suburb
exclaim
suspicious
masterfully
رویایی dree·muh·lee
حومه شهر
فریاد زدن
مشکوک
استادانه
subject pronoun to possessive adjective ضمیر فاعلی
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
possessive adjective صفت ملکی
my
your
his
her
its
our
your
their
+
Noun
subject pronoun to possessive
pronouns
I
You
He
She
It
We
You
They
possessive pronouns ضمایر ملکی
mine
yours
his
hers
its
ours
yours
theirs
subject pronoun
possessive adjective
possessive pronouns
It is Ali’s house
It is his house.
It is his.
whispered
زمزمه کرد
wi·sprd
she came running into the hall
به این حالت “present participle” یا صفت حالتی گفته میشود و در اینجا نشان می‌دهد که “آمدن” همراه با دویدن یا با عجله بوده است. بنابراین “running” به عنوان یک قید عمل میکند که چگونگی انجام فعل came را توضیح می‌دهد.
ساختار “come + present participle” (مثل “came running”) اغلب برای توصیف اعمالی استفاده میشود که همزمان یا به شکلی خاص انجام میشوند.
making an effort
key factor
abroad
expatriate
bother
تلاش کردن eh·frt
عامل کلیدی
خارج از کشور uh·braad
خارج نشین ɛksˈpatrɪət
اذیت کردن
as a matter of fact
as a matter a fact
correct
incorrect
severe
شدید
səˈvir
hit
kick
ضربه با دست
ضربه با پا
include bats
including bats
اولی امری است
aisle
ile
راهرو
affect
overcome
therapy
تاثیر بگذارد əˈfɛkt
غلبه کند
درمان
exposure
exposing
gradually
placebo
قرار گرفتن در معرض بیماری
افشاگری
به تدریج
دارونما pluh·see·bow
‘d
ماضی بعید => had + قسمت سوم
would + فعل ساده
respected
قابل احترام
Captain
influenced(meaning, sound)
sheriff
املا
تحت تاثیر قرار گرفته است
in·floo·uhnst
کلانتر (املا)
commercial
together
تجاری
املا
حرف اضافه
year
time
in 1989
at 7 o’clock
conditional type I
if clause, main/result clause
real or factual present or future
simple present
present progressive
present perfect
modal
=>
will
be going to
be about to
factual present
زمان فعل حال اخباری (که به آن factual present در انگلیسی هم گفته میشود) به حالتی از زمان اشاره میکند که درباره یک واقعیت یا رویداد در زمان حال صحبت میکند. این زمان برای بیان واقعیت‌های عمومی، روال‌های عادی، یا شرایط دائمی استفاده میشود
conditional type I
If you cough, you are going to be sick
If you have a chest pain, you are about to have a heart attack
What will you do if you see a cat?
conditional type I
If it is sunny, I will go on a picnic.
If it isn’t sunny, I won’t go on a picnic.
If it is rainy, I won’t go on a picnic.
If it isn’t rainy, I will go on a picnic.
نتیجه آن در آینده اتفاق می‌افتد برای همین حتما زمان جمله بعدی لازم نیست آینده باشد
If you call, I will answer it.
If you are listening to me, please raise your hand
if you have seen the movie, tell me about it.
If you can drive a car, come with a car.
zero conditional
if clause, main clause
scientific facts
habitual or repetitive actions and situations
If you heat water, it boils.
If you put water in the fridge, it freezes.
If you get 10, you pass.
habitual
معمولی
حرف اضافه
year
time
on 1989
at 7 o’clock
conditional II
if clause, main clause
past simple => future in the past
impossible, highly improbable, unreal present or future
conditional II
example
If I were a child, I would see my grandfather more.
=> I can’t be a child again, so I can’t see my grandfather again.
If I had a million dollars, I could cure my disease.
= I don’t have a million dollars now, so I can’t cure it now.
What could you do if you knew 5 programming languages?
conditional II
would + verb
could + verb
might + verb
preference(ترجیح)
ability or permission
probability
دو فعل در یک جمله
verb + to + verb
verb + verb + ing
let => let me know
make => my wife made me clean the house
help =>
verb - I helped the old man cross the street
to verb - I helped the old man to cross the street
I want to help you to learn english
eldest
elder
oldest
older
برای فامیل میشه از ای استفاده کرد
نقل قول
مستقیم
said “” said to “”
غیر مستقیم
told him that
زمان با توجه با نقل کننده متفاوت میشه به همین دلیل عین خود جمله گفته نمیشه
حرف اضافه
street
on
he didn’t want (XtoX) holly to know about his date
want holly to
not want to holly to.
آینده در گذشته
she would order
type of sentences
- active voice
subject + verb + object - passive voice
* Simple
* Progressive
* Perfect
* Modals / perfect Modals
passive voice
reasons?
شدن
1. Don’t know the doer of the action.
2. the action is more important than the doer.
3. everybody does that action.
4. to keep the identity of the doer secret.
passive voice
- omit the subject
- bring the object to the beginning
- use a form of TOBE
- change the verb form to past participle
passive voice
Simple
My mother cooks dinner in the kitchen
TOBE + PP.
Dinner is cooked in the kitchen.
passive voice
Progressive
The children are playing soccer in the yard.
TOBE + BEING + PP.
Soccer is being played in the yard
verbs showing feelings
verb + -ed => adjective showing feeling
amazed tired bored
verb +-ing => adjective showing the cause of a feeling
amazing tiring boring
I was tired because I had a very tiring day? adj
I tired the worker with a lot of tiring work.? verb adj
malfunction
malˈfəNG(k)SHən
خرابی
inventor
absolutely
annoy
annoyed
servant
مخترع
مطلقا
آزار دادن
اذیت شده
خدمتکار
apparently
ظاهرا
əˈperən(t)lē
windshield wiper
disposable diaper
biodegradable
برف پاک کن
پوشک یکبار مصرف
زیست تخریب پذیر
ˌbīōdəˈɡrādəb(ə)l
liquid
politician
bulletproof
مایع
سیاستمدار ˌpäləˈtiSH(ə)n
ˈbo͝olətˌpro͞of
ماضی بعید
present perfect
past perfect
تجربه وجود داشته
چایی خورده ام
چایی خورده بودم
pandemic
epidemic
جهانی و قاره
کشور
machine
məˈSHēn
to be
am is are
ولی مصدر نیستند
مصدر با حرف اضافه
to
می‌آید
fundamental
century
intelligence
اساسی
قرن
هوش
piled up
انباشته شده
verb phrase
عبارت فعلی در زبان انگلیسی به مجموعه‌ای از کلمات گفته میشود که شامل فعل اصلی و ممکن است شامل یک یا چند فعل کمکی (مثل is, have, do, can و غیره) باشد و معنی فعل را به طور کامل بیان میکند.
approachable
قابل دسترسی
PE
physical education
impersonal
curious
fed up
depend
suppose
غیر شخصی
کنجکاو
خسته
بستگی دارد
فرض کنید
address
indecisive (indəˈsīsiv)
مخاطب قرار دادن
بلاتکلیف
miss
mrs.
ms.
mr. (mister)
sir.
میس
میسیس - ازدواج نکرده
میز
used to
عادت های قدیمی که ترک شده
موقعیتی که قبلا درست بوده الان نیست مثلا قبلا یه مغازه اینجا بوده
how to use
used to
used to + base verb
didn’t + use to + verb
did + sub + use to + verb
I used to wake up so early
I didn’t use to go to the gym
present habit
usually
I usually study English
how to use
new habit
sth new as a habit
be used to + verb + ing
sth new trying to become a habit
get used to + verb + ing
I am used to living alone
I am getting used to staying silent
I can’t get used to working here
new habit
قبلا تلاش کردم
الان دیگه عادت کردم
probability
may + base verb
might + base verb
sound -> ˌpräbəˈbilədē
may I <=> Can I
به صورت مودبانه از May استفاده میشود
present probability
may = present probability= 50% chance
The exam is hard. You may not pass.
might = present probability = 30% chance
You got out of the office late.
You might get stuck in the traffic.
past probability
might = past probability = 50% chance
I might have fall down yesterday
indecisive
بلاتکلیف
ˌindəˈsīsiv
سای سیو
herd
گله
تصادف هواپیما و ماشین
crash هواپیما
accident ماشین
will
برای قطعیت
will (modal) + base verb
منفی کردن فعل دوم
to tell
not to tell
clothes
klō(T͟H)z
constantly
dissatisfied
opportunities
دائما
ناراضی
فرصت ها
weirdly
به طرز عجیبی
ˈwirdlē
shallow
humble
کم عمق
فروتن
intelligent
comparative
باهوش
مقایسه ای
املا هر دو کلمه
omit
حذف کردن
strong adjective
should use very
but some adjectives like
furious
extremely furious
expressing movements
on vs onto
in vs into
toward vs backward
out
The bird was sitting on the wall.
The cat was moving onto the wall to catch the bird
Ben is in the office.
Jack is walking into the office.
Mike is running toward Fred
Fred steps backward.
The cat is jumping out of the box.
dignity
referee
umpire
کرامت
داور
داور ˈəmˌpī(ə)r
incompetent
dehydrated
املا هر دو کلمه
بی عرضه
inˈkämpətnt
کم آب شده
disqualified
passive example
he was disqualified
مجهول
دیسکولیفای شده توسط داور
از شدن استفاده شده
would
۱. بیان شرطی (Conditional)
If I had more money, I would travel around the world.
۲. بیان تمایل یا پیشنهاد (Polite offers and requests)
I would like a cup of coffee, please
۳. بیان عادات گذشته (Past Habits)
When I was a child, I would play outside every day
۴. بیان نتیجه یا ترجیح در آینده (Future in the past)
He knew he would become a doctor one day
neither
هیچ کدام
Phrasal verbs:
inseparable:
verb + preposition
verb + adverb
separable:
verb + noun object + prep.
verb + prep. + noun object
verb + object pronoun + prep.
Phrasal verbs
inseparable
فعل و قید
Give up
Take off
Put off
حرف اضافه
Depend on
Listen to
Believe in
Look for
Rely on
Phrasal verbs
separable
verb + noun object + prep.
verb + prep. + noun object
verb + object pronoun + prep.
X verb + prep. + object pronoun X
I put my shirt on
I put on my shirt.
I put it on
I put on it.
short agreements:
+/+
first sentence + So + (tobe-modal_auxiliary) + second subject
Brian is good at playing musical instruments.=>
So am I.
So is my brother.
short agreements:
+/+
first sentence + and + second subject + (tobe-modal_auxiliary) + too
Brian is good at playing musical instruments. =>
And I am, too.
And my friend is, too.
short agreements:
-/-
first sentence + neither + (tobe-modal_auxiliary) + second subject
Brian wasn’t a studious student at school.
Neither was I.
Neither was my friend.
short agreements:
-/-
first sentence + and + second subject + (tobe-modal_auxiliary) + either.
Brian wasn’t a studious student at school.
and I wasn’t, either.
and my friend wasn’t, either.
identical
coincidence
یکسان
تصادف
carpentry
deputy
sheriff
نجاری
معاون
کلانتر
confusion
گیجی
she’s
she is
she was
thought
املا
news
غیر قابل شمارش
through
از طریق
past perfect simple
subject + had + pp. + object +
I thought I had been there.
past perfect time
past perfect
past simple
now
مطالعه کرده بودی
باهاش صحبت کرده بودی
past perfect before
past perfect + before + past simple
I had washed the apple before I ate it.
I had read the message before I replied it.
past perfect after
past simple + after + past perfect
I ate the apple after I had washed it.
I replied the message after I had read it
weight
(wayt)
weighed (wayd)
تلفظ اسم و فعل
luggage
belt
spokesman
instruction
suitcase
چمدان
کمربند
سخنگو
دستورالعمل
چمدان
She saw my cat
sensory verb
She saw my cat walk in. = the whole action
She saw my cat walking in. = part of the action
sensory verbs
hear / notice / watch / see / listen
type of
reported speech:
- direct:
nothing changes. - indirect:
- normal
- imperatives
- Yes/No
questions - Wh-
questions
reported speech:
verb
said / told / stated
announced
inform / asked
questioned /
wanted to know
create reported speech
direct mode
- comma after the report
- opening quotations
- capitalization
(capital letter) - punctuation (.,!?)
- closing quotations
direct report:
(said)
Somebody said,
Somebody said to somebody,
Doctor: Stay in bed for 2 days.
direct speech in 2 mode
The doctor said to me, “Stay in bed for 2 days.”
“Stay in bed for 2 days.”, the doctor said to me.
Jack: If we can’t live together, we are gonna die alone.
direct speech
“If we …………”, Jack said.
“If we can’t live together,” , Jack said, “we are gonna die alone.”
reported speech => indirect
imperative: ضروری
normal sentences
Yes/No questions
Wh-questions
possessives
pronouns
Imperative
دارایی ها
ضمایر
امری
indirect Imperative:
direct: base verb +
reported: TO + verb +
Necessary changes:
1. changing the possessives:
2. changing the pronouns:
3. changing place-
and time-related words.
TOLD/SAID
negative:
direct: Don’t + verb +
reported: NOT TO + verb +
Imperative:
Doctor: Drink a lot of orange juice at your home.
Doctor: Don’t call me with my first name
He told me to drink a lot of orange juice at my home.
The doctor told me not to call him by his first name.
indirect: normal sentences
- changing the possessives:
- changing the pronouns:
- changing time- or
place-related words - backshift the time
of the sentence
(told-said)
sentence => that clause
time change
normal sentences
today => that day
tomorrow => the next day
= the following day
yesterday => the day before
= the previous day
next => the following
last => the previous
backshifting:
simple present => simple past
simple past => past perfect
past perfect => NO change
present perfect => past perfect
will => would
can => could
here => there
may => might
have to => had to
should => no change
this => that
am/is/are => was/were
normal:
Doctor: I will visit you again tomorrow.
Doctor: You are getting better in this hospital really well.
Doctor: My team has done a great surgery on your body
The doctor told me that he would visit me again the next day.
The doctor told me that I was getting better in that hospital really
The doctor told me that his team had done a great surgery on my body
reported speech
Yes/No questions
asked
wanted to know
wondered
necessary changes:
question word order =>
sentence word order
if + sentence
whether + sentence
whether or not + sentence
whether + sentence + or not
indirect
Do you like pizza?
My friend asked me if I liked pizza.
My friend asked me whether I liked pizza.
My friend asked me whether or not I liked pizza
My friend asked me whether I liked pizza or not.
reported speech:
wh questions
- change the possessives and pronouns
- change time- and place-related words
- backshift the time of the sentence
sb + asked + sb + wh-word + sentence word order.
reported speech
Where are your shoes?
When will you help us with the dinner?
How are you changing these codes?
How many books can you read in a month?
Who has he invited to the party?
Whose pencil did you borrow?
Where had you visited on your last trip?
My wife asked me where my shoes were.
My wife asked me when I would help them with the dinner.
My colleagues asked me how I was changing those codes.
My friend asked me how many books I could read in a month.
My friend asked me who he had invited to the party.
My friend asked me whose pencil
I had borrowed.
My friend asked me where I had visited on my last trip.
