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Basic Developmental Biology > Basic Developmental Biology Deck 2 > Flashcards

Basic Developmental Biology Deck 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What factor causes ectoderm to differentiate into epidermal cell fate?

A

BMP promotes epidermal fate, secreted at the margins of the neural plate.

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2
Q

What is spina bifida occulta?

A

neural tube closure defect, vertebrae affected but no major protrusion of cord contents.

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3
Q

What is meningocele?

A

extrusion of meninges without protrusion of cord.

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4
Q

What is myelomeningocele?

A

protrusion of cord and meninges.

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5
Q

What is myeloschisis?

A

protrusion of spinal cord in which the cord itself is exposed.

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6
Q

What are the divisions of the forebrain, midbrain and hindbrain?

A

forebrain: telencelphalon, diencelphalon.
midbrain: tectum and tegmentum.
hindbrain: metencephalon and myelencelphalon.

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7
Q

What does the metencelphalon develop into?

A

pons and cerebellum.

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8
Q

What does the myencephalon develop into?

A

medulla.

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9
Q

What factors are secreted:

1) caudally from the telencelphalon
2) rostrally from the hindbrain
3) ventrally from the ectoderm of the diencephalon and midbrain regions.
4) dorsally from the notochord.

A

1) FGF
2) Wnt
3) BMP
4) SHH

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10
Q

Within the ventricular zone, what factors lead stem cells to become neurons?

A

pro neural basic Helix-loop-helix TFs, FGFs and neurotrophins.

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11
Q

Within the ventricular zone, what factors lead stem cells to become glial cells?

A

BMPs, Notch signaling and CNTF.

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12
Q

In pathway selection, what cues signal the specialized actin-rich structure at the distal tip of the developing axons:

1) long range attractive cues
2) short range permissive ECM cues?
3) short range repulsive cues?
4) Long range repulsive cues?

A

1) Netrins -> DCC receptor.
2) Laminin -> laminin receptor
3) ephrins and semaphorins -> EphR, PlexinsR
4) Slits -> Robo receptors.

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13
Q

What factor causes ectoderm to differentiate into neural tissue?

A

Sox2 - BMP secreted by margins of neural plate is inhibited by BMP antagonists secreted by the node / primitive streak.

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14
Q

At what point during development does the neural tube close?

A

4th week in humans.

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15
Q

What are examples of intrinsic and extrinsic influences on brain development along the A-P axis?

A

intrinsic influence: Hox gens, Hox1 (rostral) - Hox13 (caudal).
extrinsic influence: RA/FGF gradient - RA produced caudally in the brain, lower concentration rostrally. FGF secreted rostrally at midbrain-hindbrain boundary and from caudal tail bud.

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16
Q

What are examples of extrinsic influences on spinal cord development along the dorso-ventral axis?

A

Notochord (axial mesoderm) releases SHH, inducing SHH in floor-plate ventrally. Gradient of BMP is released from ectoderm. SHH / BMP gradient controls target genes that specify distinct cell fates.

17
Q

What is holoprosencephaly, when does it occur, and what is the molecular mechanism?

A

Ventral patterning defect that obliterates the division between the cerebral hemispheres. Arises 4-6 weeks into gestation, caused by deficit in SHH signaling in ventral forebrain.

18
Q

Where are melanocytes derived from?

A

dorsal neural crest via ectoderm.

19
Q

Where are Merkel cells derived, what do they do and where are they located?

A

derived from ectoderm, differentiate from keratinocytes, sit on basal layer, are touch receptors and are sensory innervated.

20
Q

What are Langerhans, from where are they derived?

A

professional antigen presenting Cells in the skin, mesodermal in origin. Uniformly spaced out in the skin.

21
Q

What signals cause ectoderm progenitors to become embryonic epidermis?

A

Wnt and BMP.

22
Q

What signal inhibits hair bud formation and what is the mechanism?

A

DKK inhibits Wnt10b, is expressed in the dermis lateral to each dermal papilla.

23
Q

What signal triggers hair follicle formation and what is the mechanism?

A

EDA-ectodysplasin induces Wnt10b expression in the placed condensate (mesenchymal cells). SHH drives proliferation in the placode, downstream of Wnt10b.

24
Q

What is Gorlin Syndrome and what causes it?

A

Genetic predisposition to basal cell cancer, a hyper proliferation of keratinocytes. Caused by inactivating mutations in Ptch, SHH signaling is hyperactive via Gli transcription factors.

25
Q

What are the components of each pharygeal arch?

A

an aortic arch artery, a specific cranial nerve and associated muscles and a cartilage skeleton.

26
Q

What does 1st pharyngeal groove give rise to?

A

external auditory meatus

27
Q

What do each pharyngeal pouch give rise to?

A

pouch 1: paryngotympanic tube and middle ear cavity.
pouch 2: middle ear cavity and palatine tonsil.
pouch 3: thymus, inferior parathyroid glands.
pouch 4: superior parathyroid glands and ultimobranchial bodies of the thyroid gland.

28
Q

What are the four types of cells found in pharyngeal arches and what are their roles?

A

1) ectoderm - lines external surfaces and the depressions between the pharyngeal arches called pharyngeal grooves.
2) endoderm - lines internal surfaces at foregut, endoderm ally lined depressions are called pharyngeal pouches.
3) mesoderm
4) neural crest cells

29
Q

What is the major difference between cephalic neural crest and trunk neural crest?

A

cephalic neural crest can form mesenchyme (embryonic connective tissue), and a much broader set of tissues, including fibroblasts, chondrocytes, osteocytes, and cells that form dental tissues.

30
Q

What are rhombomeres?

A

eight segments of the neural tube located in the hindbrain = rhombencephalon. rhombomeres produce neural crest cells.

31
Q

What does pharyngeal pouch 1 produce?

A

ventral surface: nothing

dorsal surface: pharyngotympanic tube and middle ear cavity.

32
Q

What does pharyngeal pouch 2 produce?

A

ventral surface: palatine tonsil

dorsal surface: contributes to pharyngotympanic tube.

33
Q

What does pharyngeal pouch 3 produce?

A

ventral: thymus
dorsal: inferior parathyroid gland

34
Q

What does pharyngeal pouch 4 produce?

A

ventral: ultimobranchial bodies (C-cells of thyroid gland)
dorsal: superior parathyroid gland.

Basic Developmental Biology (4 decks)

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