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Biopharmaceutics > Basic Concepts - Terminology > Flashcards

Basic Concepts - Terminology Flashcards

0
Q

Process of uptake of the compound from the site of administration into systemic circulation

A

Absorption

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1
Q

Extent or fraction of drug absorbed upon extravascular administration in comparison to the dose size administered

A

Absolute bioavailability

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2
Q

A prerequisite for absorption

A

Drug must be in aqueous solution

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3
Q

Rate of constant of the entire process of drug transfer into the body, through all biological membrane

A

Absorption rate constant

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4
Q

Increase of drug concentration in blood and tissue upon multiple dosing until steady state is reached

A

Accumulation

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5
Q

Ratio of the concentration at equilibrium between a lipid phase (usually octanol) and an aqueous phase (buffer 7.4)

A

Apparent partition coefficient

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6
Q

Uncorrected for dissociation or association in either phase

A

Apparent partition coefficient

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7
Q

Integral of drug blood level over time from zero to infinity

A

Area under the curve

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8
Q

Measure of quantity of drug absorbed and in the body

A

Area under the curve

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9
Q

Phenomenon that the drug is emptied via bile to the small intestine can be reabsorbed from the intestinal lumen into systemic circulation

A

Biliary recycling or Enterohepatic Recirculation

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10
Q

Rate and extent to which an active drug substance or moiety is absorbed from the pharmaceutical dosage form and becomes available at its site of action

A

Bioavailability

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11
Q

Extent and rate of absorption are not statistically different from those of the standard when administered at the same molar dose

A

Bioequivalence

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12
Q

Requirement imposed by the FDA for in vitro and or invivo testing of specified drug product which must be satisfied as a condition of marketing

A

Bioequivalence Requirement

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13
Q

Deals with physical and chemical properties of the drug substance, the dosage form and the body and the biological effectiveness of a drug or drug products upon administration

(ex drug availability to the human or animal body from a given dosage form)

A

Biopharmaceutics

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14
Q

Considered as a drug delivery system

A

Biopharmaceutics

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15
Q

Actual site of action of a drug in the body

A

Biophase

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16
Q

Drug-receptor interaction on the molecular level or the effect of the presence of a drug on biopolymers

A

Biophase

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17
Q

Maybe the surface of a cell or within the cell

A

Biophase

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18
Q

Speed of blood perfusion in an organ, usually expressed in mL/100 g organ wt/min

A

Blood flow rate

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19
Q

May differ several-fold between rest and exercise

A

Blood flow rate

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20
Q

Concentration in blood, plasma, or serum upon administration of a dosage form by various routes of administration

A

Blood, plasma, or serum levels

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21
Q

Plots of drug concentration versus time on numeric or semilog graph paper

A

Blood, plasma, or serum level curves

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22
Q

Obtained from blood samples by venipuncture in certain time intervals after administration of the drug product and chemical or microbiological analysis of the drug in the biological fluid

A

Blood, plasma, or serum levels

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23
Q

Sum of all body regions (organs and tissue) in which the drug concentration is in instantaneous equilibrium with that in blood or plasma

A

Central compartment

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24
Q

Always a part of the central compartment

A

Blood and plasma

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25
Q

Hypothetical volume of distribution in mL of the unmetabolized drug which is cleared per unit of time (mL/min or mL/h) by any pathway of drug removal

A

Clearance

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26
Q

Entity which can be described by a definite volume and a concentration of drug contained in that volume

A

Compartment

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27
Q

Difference in the concentration in two phases usually separated by a membrane

A

Concentration gradient

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28
Q

Plots of the actual cumulative amouts of drug and/or its metabolites excreted into irine versus time upon administration of a drug product by various routes of administration

A

Cumulative urinary excretion curves

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29
Q

Portion of a prolonged release dosage form which liberates the drug from the dosage form at a slower rate than its unrestricted absorption rate

A

Depot phase

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30
Q

Viscous layer of concentrated drug solution around a dissolving particle

A

Diffusion layer

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31
Q

Loss of drug from the central compartment due to distribution into other compartments and or elimination

A

Disposition

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32
Q

Systematized dosage schedule for therapy

A

Dosage regimen or dose rate

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33
Q

Ex. The proper dose sizes and proper dosing intervals required to produce clinical effectiveness or to maintain a therapeutic concentration in the body

A

Dosage regimen or dose rate

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34
Q

A change of one or more of the pharmacokinetic process of absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion with increasing dose size

A

Dose dependency

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35
Q

Describe the achievement of sustained drug concentration by simply increasing the dose size or by accidental fast release drug from sustained release dosage form

A

Dose dumping

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36
Q

Amount of drug in microgram, mg units

A

Dose size

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37
Q

Time period bet administration of maintenance dose

A

Dosing interval

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38
Q

Chemical compound of synthetic, semisynthetic, natural, or biological origin which interacts with human or animal cells

A

Drug

39
Q

Pharmacologically active compounds undergoing evaluation of their potential as future drug substance

A

Drug candidates

40
Q

Gross pharmaceutical form containing the API and vehicle substances necessary in formulating a medicament of desired dosage, desired volume and desired application form, ready for administration

A

Drug product or dosage form

41
Q

Delivery of the active ingredient from a dosage form into solution.

A

Drug release or liberation

42
Q

Dissolution medium is either a biological fluid or an artificial fluid

A

Drug release or liberation

43
Q

Characterized by speed and the amount of drug appearing in solution

A

Drug release or liberation

44
Q

Drug product usually of unvarying composition, labeled with a registered trademark of a company

A

Drug specialty or brand product

45
Q

Active ingredients within a dosage form

A

Drug substances

46
Q

Time in hoursu necessary to reduce the drug concentration in the blood, plasma , serum to one-half after equilibrium is reached

A

Elimination half-life

47
Q

Increase in enzyme content or rate of enzymatic processes resulting in faster metabolism of a compound

A

Enzyme induction

48
Q

Decrease in rate of metabolism of a compound usually by competition for an enzyme system

A

Enzyme inhibition

49
Q

Final elimination from the body’s systemic circulatioon via the kidney into urine, via bile and saliva into intestines and into feces, via sweat, via skin and via milk

A

Excretion

50
Q

All routes of administration exept those where the drug is directly introduced into the blood stream.

Example are IM, SC, PO, ORAL, RECTAL, IP, TOPICAL

A

Extravascular administration

51
Q

Graphical method for the separation of exponents such as separating the absorption rate constant from the elimination rate constant

A

Feathering

52
Q

Synonymous with residual method

A

Feathering

53
Q

Phenomenon whereby drugs may be metabolized following absorption but before reaching the systemic circulation

A

First pass effect

54
Q

May occur following PO and deep rectal administration

A

First pass effect

55
Q

May be avoided by using sublingual and buccal routes of administration

A

First pass effect

56
Q

Drug marketed under the nonproprietary or common name of the drug

A

Generic product

57
Q

Hypothetical volume of distribution in mL of the unmetabolized drug which is cleared in one minute via liver

A

Hepatic clearance

58
Q

Portion of a prolonged release dosage form which is immediately availabke for absorption

A

Initial phase

59
Q

Refers to all routes of administration where the drug is directly introduced in the blood stream

Ex, IV, IA, IC

Its BA is 100%

A

Intravascular administration

60
Q

Physiologic nonsense and poor use of language

Correct term is IV Push

A

IV Bolus

61
Q

Deals with complex dynamic processes of liberation of an active ingredient from the dosage form, its absorption into systemic circulation, its distribution and metabolism in the body and excretion of the drug from the body and achievement of response

A

LADMER SYSTEM

62
Q

Period of time which elapses bet the time of administration and the time a measurable drug concentration is found in the blood

A

Lag time

63
Q

Often found upon PO administration due to slow disintegration and dissolution of tablets or capsules

A

Lag time

64
Q

Series of structurally related chemical compounds that have shown interesting pharmacologically active and from which drug candidates may be selected

A

Leads

65
Q

Dose size used in initiating therapy so as to yield therapeutic concentration which will result in clinical effectiveness

A

Loading dose, priming dose or initial dose

66
Q

Obtained when drug is administered at the site where the pharmacological response is desired and when the drug released from the product acts by absorption to the skin or mucosa or penetrates into the skin or mucosa but does not enter the systemic blood circulation or lympathic system

A

Local effect

67
Q

Dose size required to maintain the clinical effectiveness or therapeutic concentration according to the dosage regimen

A

Maintenance dose

68
Q

Sum of all the chemical reactions for biotransformation of endogenous and exogenous substance which take place in the living cell

A

Metabolism

69
Q

Includes buccal, sublingual, and perlingual administration routes where the drug is absorbed from the mouth cavity

A

Oral administration

70
Q

There is no first pass effect

A

Oral administration

71
Q

Sum of all body regions to which a drug eventually distributes, but is not in instantaneous equilibrium

A

Peripheral compartment

72
Q

Indicates that dosage form is swallowed and the drug is absorbed from the GI tract

A

Peroral administration

73
Q

Drug products that contain the identical therapeutic moiety or its precursor, but not necessarily in the same amount or dosage form or as the same salt or ester

A

Pharmaceutical alternatives

74
Q

Drug products that contain identical amouts of the active pharmaceutical ingredient ( ex. Same salt or ester of the same therapeutic moiety), in identical dosage forms, but not necessarily containing the same inactive ingredients

A

Pharmaceutical equivalents

75
Q

Changes of drug concentration in the drug product and changes of concentration of a drug and or/its metabolites in the human or animal body following administration

A

Pharmacokinetics

76
Q

Occurs when the drug combines with plasma protein to form a reversible complex

A

Protein binding

77
Q

Process with the slowest rate constant in a system of simultaneous kinetic process

A

Rate-limiting step

78
Q

Site in the biophase to which drug molecules can be bound

A

Receptor

79
Q

Usually a protein or proteinaceous material

Aka substrate

A

Receptor

80
Q

Extent of drug absorbed upon extravascular administration in comparison to the dose size of a standard administration by same route

A

Relative bioavailability

81
Q

Method of representing experimental data describing exponential processes that allow them to be presented in linear form

A

Semi logarithmic plot

82
Q

Substances that have no pharmacological properties of their own in the amount used, but which can improve the penetration of drugs into the skin or their permeation through the skin or mucosa by reducing the barrier substances

A

Sorption promoters or permeation enhancers

83
Q

Level of drug accumulation in blood and tissue upon multiple dosing when input and output are at equilibrium

A

Steady state

84
Q

Those whose pharmacological action is not directly dependent on chemical structure,

They have no f. Group
Highly lipophilic
Do not react easily

They act by physicochemical process

Examples ether, nitrous oxide, halothane, phenol, ethyl alcohol, octyl alcohol and acetone

A

Structurally nonspecific drugs

85
Q

Those whose pharmacological action results primarily from their chemical structure

They have f. Group
Combine to the three dimensional structure of receptors in the biophase

Ex. Antibiotics, sulfonamides, glycosides, alkaloids

A

Structurally specific drugs

86
Q

Property of prolonged release dosage forms where the liberation (drug release) rate constant is smaller than the unrestricted absorption rate constant

A

Sustained release

87
Q

Obtained when the drug release from the drug product enters the blood stream or lympathic stream and is distributed within the body - or at least in several organs - regardless of the site and route of administration

A

Systemic effect

88
Q

Physical barrier to transport in the body.

A

Unit membrane

89
Q

Lipoidal in nature and consists of a double row of phospholipids sandwiched between one layer each of protein

A

Unit membrane

90
Q

Phenomenon that occurs when drugs filtered through the glomeruli are reabsorbed from the tubuli into systemic circulation

A

Urinary recycling

91
Q

Additives which are necessary in formulating a dosage form from the drug

A

Vehicle substances

92
Q

Should be chemically inert and should not have any pharmacological effect in the dose used

A

Vehicle substances

93
Q

Are used to produce, from a relatively small amount of drug, a dosage form of the desired strength, volume and form or consistently suitable for administration

A

Vehicle substances

94
Q

Hypothetical volume of body fluid that would be required to dissolve amount of drug at the same concentration as that found in the blood

A

Volume of distribution

Biopharmaceutics (1 decks)

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