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RAD101 - Radiation Production and Characteristics > BASIC CONCEPTS OF RADIATION (PART 2) > Flashcards

BASIC CONCEPTS OF RADIATION (PART 2) Flashcards

1
Q

Types of Electromagnetic Radiation

A

Radiowaves, Microwaves, Infrared, Visible light, Ultraviolet light, X-rays, and Gamma rays

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2
Q

Lowest energy, lowest frequency, and longest wavelength

A

Radiowaves

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3
Q

Highest energy, highest frequency, and shorter wavelength

A

Gamma rays

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4
Q

Range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends

A

Electromagnetic Spectrum

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5
Q
  • Longest wavelengths
  • carry signals for televisions and cellular phones
A

Radiowaves

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6
Q

Relative size of radiowaves

A

Mountain range

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7
Q

1.) waves which heat our food in microwave oven
2.) remote sensing (used for radar; doppler radar for weather forecasts)

A

1.) Longer microwaves, closer to a foot in length
2.) Shorter microwaves

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8
Q

Relative size of microwaves

A

Dice

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9
Q
  • Also known as “IR”
  • lies between visible and microwave portions
  • cannot be seen by human eye
A

Infrared

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10
Q

Below the red spectrum of visible light

A

Infra

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11
Q

Relative size of Infrared

A

Pin tip

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12
Q

Heat or thermal radiation (radiation produced by motion of atoms and molecules in an object)

A

Primary source of infrared radiation

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13
Q
  • Is named because of the wavelength of infrared rays is a bit longer than red days
  • Is essentially heat radiation
A

Infrared radiation

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14
Q
  • part of infrared spectrum closest to visible light
  • higher energy
A

Near Infrared

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15
Q

Closer to microwave region

A

Far Infrared

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16
Q

Region between the two

A

Mid-Infrared

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17
Q
  • only electrogmagnetic waves visible to human eyes
  • seen as colors of the rainbow
  • each color = different wavelength
  • optical light
A

Visible light

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18
Q

Relative size of Visible light

A

Bacteria

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19
Q

longest wavelength, lowest frequency, lowest energy

A

Red

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20
Q

shortest wavelength, highest frequency, highest energy

A

Violet

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21
Q

all waves seen together

A

white light

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22
Q

Light shines through

A

prism

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23
Q

white light broken apart into colors of the visible light spectrum

A

prism

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24
Q

shorter wavelength than visible light

A

Ultraviolet Light (UV)

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25
Q

Relative size of Ultraviolet Light (UV)

A

DNA

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26
Q

source of full spectrum of ultraviolet radiation

A

sun

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27
Q

most harmful, completely absorbed by atmosphere

A

UV-C rays

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28
Q

harmful, causes sunburn; increases risk of DNA and other cellular damage in living

A

UV-B rays

29
Q
  • NUV
  • closest to visible light
A

Near Ultraviolet

30
Q
  • EUV
  • closest to x-rays
  • most energetic
A

Extreme Ultraviolet

31
Q
  • FUV
  • between near and extreme UV regions
A

Far Ultraviolet

32
Q
  • shorter wavelength
  • higher energy than UV rays
A

X-rays

33
Q

X-rays are first observed and documented in

A

November 8, 1895

34
Q

who discovered X-rays?

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

35
Q
  • smallest and shortest wavelength
  • most energy of all the waves in electromagnetic spectrum
  • generated by radioactive atoms and nuclear explosions
  • used for medical advantage as it can kill living cells (cancer cells)
A

Gamma rays

36
Q

Relative size of Gamma rays

A

Atomic Nucleus

37
Q
  • any process by which electrically neutral atoms or molecules are converted to electrically charged atoms (ions)
  • one of the principal ways that radiation transfers its energy to matter
A

Ionization

38
Q
  • carried by any of several particulate and rays given off by radioactive material, x-ray machines, and nuclear reactions
  • radiation with enough energy to remove tightly bound electrons from orbit, which causes the atom to become charged or ionized
  • includes alpha particle, beta particle, gamma rays, x-rays
A

Ionizing Radiation

39
Q

electrically charges atom

A

Ions

40
Q
  • includes charged particles with sufficient energy to ionize atoms
  • all must be moving at relative speed to carry required kinetic energy
  • when charged particles pass through materials, they ionize atoms
  • involves large energy transfer from primary charged particle to an electron of the medium
  • deposits energy at localized range in materials
A

Directly Ionizing Radiation

41
Q

may result in production of a relatively energetic secondary electron

A

Delta ray

42
Q

which itself will go on to produce multiple ionization events

A

Delta ray

43
Q
  • not capable of producing multiple ionization events
  • includes uncharged particles
  • deposits energy along its whole path
A

Indirectly Ionizing Radiation

44
Q

uncharged particles

A

photons: x-rays and gamma rays, neutrons

45
Q
  • radiation that has enough energy to cause the atoms in molecule to vibrate but not enough to remove electrons
  • not capable of ionization, but capable of excitation
  • ultraviolet radiation (except high energy end of UV-spectrum), visible light, infrared radiation, microwaves, radio waves = ?
  • extremely low-frequency radiation
  • very long wavelength
  • frequency ranges from 100 Hz or less
A

Non-Ionizing Radiation

46
Q

relative size of x-rays

A

atom

47
Q
  • stream of atomic or subatomic particles
  • may be positively charged or negatively charged or not at all
  • carry energy in the form of kinetic energy or mass in motion
  • involves tiny fast-moving particles that have both energy and mass
  • primarily produced by disintegration of an unstable atom
A

Particulate Radiation

48
Q

positively charged

A

alpha particles

49
Q

negatively charged

A

beta particles

50
Q

no charged at all

A

Neutrons

51
Q

particulate radiation is also known as

A

Corpuscular radiation

52
Q
  • relatively heavy, high-energy subatomic particle
  • conists of 2 protons and 2 neutrons
  • ernest rutherford
  • tend to be very large atoms ( high atomic numbers)
A

Alpha Particles

53
Q

treat cancer

A

Radium-226

54
Q

static eliminator in paper mills and other industries

A

Polonium-210

55
Q

smoke detectors

A

Americium-241

56
Q
  • high velocity electrons
  • electrical charge of -1. (negative)
  • high speed
  • Henri Becquerel, in 1900 showed that this particle is similar to electron
A

Beta Particle

57
Q

depends on how much energy they have

A

speed of individual beta

58
Q

treat thyroid disorders such as cancer, graves diseases

A

Iodine-131

59
Q

radioactive tracer in medical and agricultureal studies

A

Strontium-90

60
Q

life scinece and drug metabolism studies to ensure safety of potential new drugs

A

Tritium

61
Q
  • able to penetrate tissues and organs of human body when the radiation source is outside the body
  • high speed nuclear particles
  • exceptional ability to penetrate other materials
A

Neutron Radiation

62
Q

energies below thermal energies typically corresponding to meV and sub meV energies

A

Cold Neutrons

63
Q

neutrons colliding with atomic nuclei either pick up energy if they are moving slower than colliding nucleus, or lose energy if they are moving faster

A

Thermal Neutrons

64
Q

energies between 100’s of eV to 0.05 or 1 MeV

A

Slow Neutrons

65
Q

between 0.5 and 10-20 MeV, energies of neutrons = emitted by fission sources

A

Fast Neutrons

66
Q

above 20 MeV

A

High energy neutrons

67
Q
  • antielectron
  • antiparticle or antimatter counterpart of electron
  • electric charge = +1e
  • same mass as an electron
  • low energy positron = colllides with low energy electron = annihilation
A

Positron

68
Q

Carl D. Anderson in 1932, concluded the existence of a positive particle of electronic mass (positive electron)

A

First and crucial step in discovery of positron

69
Q
A

RAD101 - Radiation Production and Characteristics (1 decks)

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