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BASIC CONCEPTS OF RADIATION > BASIC CONCEPTS OF RADIATION PART 1 > Flashcards

BASIC CONCEPTS OF RADIATION PART 1 Flashcards

1
Q

the emission of energy as electromagnetic waves or as moving subatomic particles, especially high-energy particles which cause ionization.

A

Radiation

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2
Q
  • stream of particles or electromagnetic waves emitted by the atoms and molecules of a radioactive substance as a result of nuclear decay.
A

Radiation

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3
Q

3 Means of Radiation Entry through the Body

A
  • Inhalation (exposure to Radon)
  • Ingestion (vegetables contains radioactive materials because it is cultivated)
  • Absorption/ skin cuts
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4
Q

2 Sources of Radiation

A

Natural Sources

Artificial Sources

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5
Q

a source of natural background radiation, which originates in outer space and is composed of penetrating ionizing radiation (both particulate and electromagnetic).

A

Cosmic (Background) Radiation

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6
Q

The Penetrating ionizing radiation

A

Particulate and electromagnetic

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7
Q

the sun and stars send a constant stream of cosmic radiation to Earth, much like a steady drizzle of rain.

A

Cosmic (Background) Radiation

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8
Q

electromagnetic radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface and atmosphere.

A

Terrestrial Radiation (Long Wave Radiation)-

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9
Q

Radioactive material is also found throughout nature such as in soil, water, and vegetation.

A

Terrestrial Radiation

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10
Q

Low levels of __________________________________ are found everywhere

A

uranium, thorium, and their decay products

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11
Q

Major isotopes of concern for terrestrial radiation:

A
  • uranium

- decay products of uranium

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12
Q

decay products of uranium such as

A

a. Thorium
b. Radium
c. Radon

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13
Q

is a naturally occurring radioactive gas which can accumulate in enclosed places, including houses and other buildings.

A

Radon

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14
Q

comes from the radioactive chain of uranium, which is present in small amounts almost everywhere in the Earth’s crust.

A

Radon

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15
Q

when a radioactive atom decays, its nucleus which is unstable, breaks down, turning into the nucleus of another element

A

daughter product

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16
Q

three types of natural sources

A
  1. Cosmic Radiation
  2. Terrestrial Radiation
  3. Internal Radionuclide (Radiation)
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17
Q

T/F: The dose from terrestrial sources also varies in different parts of the world

A

True

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18
Q

The dose from terrestrial sources also varies in different parts of the world because of the __________

A

differences/ variation of deposits

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19
Q

differences/ variation of deposits

A

Internal Radionuclide (Radiation)

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20
Q

the primary source of radiation from the human body.

A

Potassium 40

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21
Q

Radioactive inside our body

A
  • Potassium 40
  • Lead 210
  • Carbon 14
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22
Q

The 40K concentration in the body is fairly ____?

A

high

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23
Q

T/F: - the variation in dose from one person to another is not as great as the variation in dose from cosmic and terrestrial sources.

A

True

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24
Q

is ingested in many foods that we eat and is a critically important element for proper functioning of the human body

A

Potassium

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25
Q

The amount of the radioactive isotope 40K in a 70 kg person

A

5,000Bq; 5,000 atoms

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26
Q

1 Banana =

A

0.01 mrem

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27
Q

sources are from human food derived from plants.

A

Carbon-14

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28
Q

T/F: The rates of disintegration of potassium-40 and carbon-14 in the normal adult body are comparable (a few thousand disintegrated nuclei per second.)

A

True

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29
Q

T/F: The level of carbon-14 in living things is the same as the atmospheric level, because plants and animals constantly absorb new carbon sources by photosynthesizing or by eating.

A

True

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30
Q

T/F: The level of carbon-14 in living things is the same as the atmospheric level, because plants and animals constantly absorb new carbon sources by photosynthesizing or by eating.

A

True

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31
Q

___________________ is the basis for carbon dating in dead material

A

The ratio of carbon-14 to regular carbon-12

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32
Q
  • is any individual except when the individual is receiving an occupational dose.
A

Member of the public

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33
Q

is the dose received by an individual in the course of employment in which the individual’s assigned duties involve exposure to radiation or to radioactive material.

A

Occupational dose-

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34
Q

This does not include the dose received from background radiation, from any medical administration the individual has received, from exposure to individuals administered radioactive materials from voluntary participation in medical programs or as a member of the public.

A

Occupational dose-

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35
Q

4 Man-made radiation sources that result in an exposure to members of the public:

A
  • Medical procedures
  • Consumer products
  • Nuclear fuel cycle
  • Shipment of radioactive materials and residual fallout from nuclear weapons testing and accidents.
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36
Q

most significant sources of man-made radiation exposure to the public, such as diagnostic X-rays, nuclear medicine, and radiation therapy.

A

Medical procedure

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37
Q

5 Major isotopes:

A 
· I-131
· Tc- 99m
· Co-60
· Ir-192
· Cs- 137
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38
Q

Members of the public are exposed to radiation from 12 consumer products such as:

A 
· Tobacco (thorium)
· Building materials
· Combustible fuels (gas, coal, etc.)
· Ophthalmic glass
· Televisions
· Luminous watches and dials (tritium)
· Airport X-ray systems
· Smoke detectors (Americium)
· Road construction materials
· Electron tubes
· Fluorescent lamp starters
· Lantern mantles (thorium)
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39
Q

which includes the entire sequence from mining and milling of uranium to the actual production of power at a nuclear plant. (Controlled facilities)

A

nuclear fuel cycle

40
Q

are exposed to radiation from the nuclear fuel cycle, which includes the entire sequence from mining and milling of uranium to the actual production of power at a nuclear plant. (Controlled facilities)

A

members of the public

41
Q

The final sources of exposure to the public are:

A

shipment of radioactive materials and residual fallout from nuclear weapons testing and accidents, such as Chernobyl in Ukraine and Fukushima in Japan.

42
Q

T/F: Of lesser magnitude, members of the public are exposed to radiation from the nuclear fuel cycle, which includes the entire sequence from mining and milling of uranium to the actual production of power at a nuclear plant. (Controlled facilities)

A

True

43
Q

are exposed according to their occupations and to the sources with which they work.

A

Occupationally exposed individuals

44
Q

Monitored for radiation exposure with dosimeters so that their exposures are well documented in comparison to the doses received by the members of the public.

A

Occupationally exposed individuals

45
Q

used for monitoring radiation exposure

A

dosimeters

46
Q

Man-made Exposure: Occupational (4)

A

· Fuel cycle
· Radiography
· Nuclear power plant
· Nuclear medicine

47
Q

Two basic types of radiation:

A
  • Electromagnetic radiation

- Particulate radiation

48
Q

are pure energy with no mass and is like vibrating or pulsating waves of electrical and magnetic energy.

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

49
Q
  • Produced by a vibrating electrical charge and as such, they consist of both an electric and magnetic component.
A

Electromagnetic Radiation

50
Q
  • Acts like a stream of small packets of energy called photons.
  • travel in a wave-like pattern
  • travels in a straight line at the speed of light (3x10^8m/s)
A

Electromagnetic Radiation

51
Q

the only difference between the various types of electromagnetic radiation is the amount of energy found in the photons

A

Electromagnetic Radiation

52
Q

the only difference between the various types of electromagnetic radiation ___________.

A

amount of energy found in the photons

53
Q
  • A changing magnetic field will induce a changing electric field and vice versa- the two are linked.
A

Electromagnetic waves

54
Q
  • These changing fields form __________.
A

Electromagnetic waves

55
Q

differ from mechanical waves in that they do not require a medium to propagate.

A

Electromagnetic waves

56
Q

can travel not only through air and solid materials, but also through the vacuum of space.

A

Electromagnetic waves

57
Q

Parameters of Electromagnetic Energy:

A

Frequency of the wave

58
Q

Unit of frequency, named after Heinrich Hertz.

A

Hertz (Hz)

59
Q

who established the existence of radio waves

A

Heinrich Hertz

60
Q
  • have crests and troughs similar to those of ocean waves.
A

Electromagnetic waves

61
Q

distance between crests

A

Wavelength

62
Q

unit of wavelength

A

Meter

63
Q

are added depending on the value of wavelength (micro, nano, femto, kilo)

A

Prefixes

64
Q

is represented by the Greek letter lambda.

A

Wavelength

65
Q

Other unit of Hertz

A

cycle per second (CPS)

66
Q

T/F: One wave or cycle per second is called a Hertz (Hz)

A

True

67
Q

T/F: Shorter wavelength, higher frequency.

A

True

68
Q

T/F: Longer wavelength, lower frequency

A

True

69
Q

can also be described in terms of its energy

A

Electromagnetic wave

70
Q

unit of energy

A

Electron volts (eV) or Joule (J)

71
Q

Amount of kinetic energy needed to move an electron through one volt potential.

A

Electron volt

72
Q

T/F: The shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency, the higher energy of electromagnetic radiation.

A

TRUE

73
Q

T/F: The longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency, the lower the energy of electromagnetic radiation.

A

TRUE

74
Q

amount of speed of light

A

3x 10^8 m/s

75
Q

highest points on a wave

A

Crests

76
Q

The lowest points on a wave

A

Troughs

77
Q

T/F: Speed of light is equal to wavelength and frequency

A

True

78
Q

stream of small packets of energy.

A

photons

79
Q

Value of h= Planck’s constant

A

6.626 x 10 ^-34 J.s or 4.1357 x 10^-15 eV.s

80
Q

1 J=

A

6.242 x 10^-18 eV

81
Q

1 eV=

A

1.602 x 10^-19 J

82
Q

tera (T)

A

10^12

83
Q

pico (p)

A

10^-12

84
Q

Tobacco

A

Thorium

85
Q

Luminous watches and dials

A

Tritium

86
Q

Smoke detectors

A

Americium

87
Q

Lantern mantles

A

Thorium

88
Q

Exposed to radiation from the nuclear fuel cycle of lesser magnitude

A

Members of the public

89
Q

is also found throughout nature such as in soil, water, and vegetation.

A

Radioactive material

90
Q

The energy of electromagnetic radiation can be determined by getting the _______

A

Product of Planck’s constant and wavelength

91
Q

T/F: The energy of electromagnetic radiation can be determined by getting the Product of Planck’s constant and wavelength

A

True

92
Q

Frequency is inversely proportional to?

A

wavelength

93
Q

Frequency is directly proportional to the?

A

Energy of electromagnetic radiation

94
Q

T/F: Frequency is directly proportional to the energy of electromagnetic radiation.

A

True

95
Q

T/F: Frequency is inversely proportional to wavelength.

A

True

96
Q

Parameters of Electromagnetic Energy

A

Frequency, wavelength, energy

BASIC CONCEPTS OF RADIATION (1 decks)

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