basic concepts of organic chemistry- chapter 11 Flashcards
what is a hydrocarbon
a compound containing carbon and hydrogen only
what is a saturated hydrocarbon
has single bonds only
what is an unsaturated hydrocarbon
contains carbon-to-carbon multiple bonds
what is a homologous series
a family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a -CH2 group
what is a functional group
the part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecules chemical properties
what is an aliphatic hydrocarbon
carbon atoms are joined to each other in unbranched (straight) or branched chains, or non-aromatic rings
what is an alicyclic hydrocarbon
carbon atoms are joined to each other in rings (cyclic) structures, with or without branches
what is an aromatic hydrocarbon
some or all of the carbon atoms are found in benzene ring
what are alkynes
containing at least one triple carbon-carbon bond
what is the molecular formula
shows the number and type of atoms of each element present in a molecules, doesn’t show how the atoms are joined together and different molecules can have the same molecular formula
what is the empirical formula
the simplest whole number ratio of the atoms of each element present in a compound
what is the general formula
the simplest algebraic formula for any member of a homologous series
what is the displayed formula
shows the relative positioning of all the atoms in a molecules and the bonds between them
what is the structural formula
uses the smallest amount of detail necessary to show the arrangement of the atoms in a molecule
what are structural isomers
compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
what is homolytic fission
when a covalent bond breaks by homolytic fission, each of the bonded atoms takes one of the shared pair of electrons from the bond
- each atom now has a single unpaired electron
what is a radical
an atom or groups of atoms with an unpaired electron
what is heterolytic fission
one of the bonded atoms takes both of the electrons from the bond
- atom that takes the electrons becomes negative
- atom that doesn’t take the electrons becomes positive
what does a curly arrow show
the movement of electron pairs when bonds are being broken or made
what is an addition reaction
two reactants join to form one product
what is a substitution reaction
an atom or group of atoms is replaced by a different atom or groups of atoms
what is an elimination reaction
involves the removal of a small molecule from. larger one
- one reactant molecule forms two products
