Basic Concepts of Organic Chemistry Flashcards
What is organic chemistry?
The chemistry of carbon containing compounds
What does the physical and chemical properties of organic compounds depend on?
Number and arrangement of atoms
Why can carbon form such long chains and an infinite variety of carbon compounds?
It can form strong covalent bonds with itself
What does aliphatic, alicyclic, aromatic, saturated and unsaturated mean?
- Aliphatic - C and H in long chains, branched chains or non-aromatic rings
- Alicyclic - An aliphatic compound arranged in non-aromatic rings
- Aromatic - A compound containing a benzene ring
- Saturated - Single bonds only
- Unsaturated - Double bonds, triple bonds, or aromatic rings
What are homologous series?
Organic compounds with same functional group but a different no. carbon atoms
What do homologous series feature?
- Same functional group
- Each successive member differs by a CH2
- Same general formula
- Similar chemical properties
- Trend in physical properties
Give the 10 functional groups and describe what they look like and give their general formula and prefix/suffix
- Alkanes - CnH2n+2 - carbon with 4 single bonds. Ane
- Cycloalkanes - CnH2n - carbons arranged in a circle each branching of two hydrogens. cyclo-ane
- Alkenes - double bonds between carbon atoms . CnH2n. ene
- Haloalkanes - A halogen replacing one hydrogen in an alkane. Fluoro, chloro, bromo, iodo. Add a number in front to indicate how many halogens
- Alcohols - An OH replacing a hydrogen. Ol
- Aldehydes - A carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydrogen at end of carbon chain. Al
- Ketones - An oxygen double bonded to carbon replaces two hydrogen atoms in middle of chain. One
- Carboxylic acids - A carbon double bonded to an oxygen and single bonded to a hydrogen at the end of a carbon chain. Oic acid
- Nitriles - A carbon triple bonded to a nitrogen. Enitrile
- Amine - A carbon bonded to an NH2 and has three other bonds. Alkyl amine
What are the 6 different types of formula?
- General formula
- Molecular formula
- Empirical formula
- Displayed formula - each bond is shown
- Structural formula - each atom written individually
- Skeletal formula - each line representing a C-C bond
Give the 5 factors of naming an organic compound
7=hept
9=non
- Longest carbon chain in molecule is used
- Any branched carbon chains will be added as a prefix e.g. 1-methylpropane (branches in a structural formula are always in brackets)
- Position of functional group is added as a number - use lowest possible number
- If there are multiple functional groups in a molecule - lay them out in alphabetic order using their prefix and their position
- Multiple of the same functional group - again in alphabetical order - use a prefix to indicate how many there are and numbers for where they are e.g. 1,3 - dimethylpropane
How do you name an alcohol?
- Changing suffix to -ol, the position of the alcohol is written before the suffix e.g propan-2-ol. If there is more than one OH group, the position and number of groups are written before suffix. In a diol, an ‘e’ is added before the numbers e.g. ethane-1,2-diol. It is possible to name alcohols with attachments, just add the prefix as you would with alkenes e.g. 2-methylpropan-2-ol
How do you name an alkene?
- Changing the suffix, the position of the functional group is written before the suffix
- If there is more than one double carbon bond in an alkene, the position and number of groups is written in the middle of the name, before the functional group. In a diene, an a is added before the numbers
- It is possible to name alkenes with attachments too. Just add the prefixes as you would with alkanes
How would you name an aldehyde?
Change suffix to ‘al’. Does not need a number as position is always at the end of the molecule
How would you name a ketone?
Change suffix to ‘one’. Position of group is written before the suffix but only if the carbon chain is more than 5, this is because there is now more than one position that C and O double bond can go.
How would you name an amine?
- Prefix can be amino or suffix can be amine, more of this will be learnt in Y13
How would you name a nitrile?
Add nitrile after word e.g. butane nitrile. The CN bond is a triple bond so the carbon here is always counted as the first carbon in the chain and is included in the main chain.
