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Basic Concepts Of Organic Chemistry Flashcards

1
Q

Give some examples of where organic compounds are used in modern life

A

Pharmaceuticals , detergents , dyes , pigments , cosmetics

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2
Q

What is so useful about carbon

A

It can form 4 covalent bonds and these can bond to other carbon atoms to form long chains

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3
Q

What is the definition for a hydrocarbon

A

A compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

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4
Q

What are the two types of hydrocarbon

A

Saturated and unsaturated

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5
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon with single bonds only

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6
Q

What is an unstaturated hydrocarbon

A

Contains multiple carbon to carbon bonds , including C=C , C///C and aromatic rings

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7
Q

What is the definition for a homologous series

A

A family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a ch2 group

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8
Q

What is the definition for a functional group

A

The part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecules chemical properties

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9
Q

What do you do to find the longest carbon chain

A

It’s the one with the most carbons and most branches

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10
Q

How many Covalent bonds can oxygen form

A

2 covalent bonds

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11
Q

How many covalent bonds can hydrogen have

A

1

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12
Q

What does the molecular formula show

A

The number of each type of atom

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13
Q

What does a structural formula show

A

Shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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14
Q

What does a displayed formula show

A

Shows the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

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15
Q

What does the skeletal formula show

A

A simplified organic formula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains , leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

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16
Q

What is the IUCPAC

A

as there are so many compounds we need a way to keep track of them
Important for effective communication that we have a universal system for naming
The system we have in place allows chemists to communicate clearly across the world and is crontrolled by IUPAC

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17
Q

What is the stem

A

The stem of the name indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain of the molecule

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18
Q

What is a prefix

A

A prefix can be added before the stem , often to indicate the presence of side chains or functional groups

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19
Q

What is a suffix

A

A suffix is added after the stem to indicate the functional groups

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20
Q

What is the name for the alkane with 1 carbon atom and formula

A

Methane ( ch4)

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21
Q

What is the name for the alkane with 2 carbon atoms and formula

A

Ethane (c2h6)

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22
Q

What is the alkane with 3 carbon atoms and formula

A

Propane c3h8

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23
Q

What is the alkane with 4 carbon atoms and formula

A

Butane c4h10

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24
Q

What is the alkane with 5 carbon atoms and formula

A

Pentane c5h12

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25
What is the alkane with 6 carbon atoms and formula
Hexane c6h14
26
What is the name and formula for the alkane with 7 carbon atoms
Heptane c7h16
27
What is the name and formula for the alkane with 8 carbon atoms
Octane c8h18
28
What is the name and formula for the alkane with 9 carbon atoms
Nonane c9h20
29
What is the name and formula for the alkane with 10 carbon atoms
Decane c10h22
30
What is the name for the alkyl group CH3
Methyl
31
What is the name for the alkyl group C2H5
Ethyl
32
What is the name for the alkyl group C3H7
Propyl
33
What is the name for the alkyl group c4h9
Butyl
34
What is the name for the alkyl group c5h11
Pentyl
35
What is the name for the alkyl group c6h13
Hexyl
36
What is the name for the alkyl group c7h15
Heptyl
37
What is the name for the alkyl group c8h17
Octyl
38
What is the name for the alkyl group c9h19
Nonyl
39
What is the name for the alkyl group c10h21
Decyl
40
How do you name a alicyclic alkane
Add prefix cyclo
41
What is the definition for the term alicyclic
Containing carbon atoms joined together in a ring that is not aromatic . These compounds are also aliphatic ,
42
What is the definition for aliphatic
Containing carbon atoms joined together in a straight or branched chains or cyclic (non aromatic ) these compounds include the alicyclic compounds
43
What is the definition for an alkane
The hydrocarbon homologous series with the general formula cnh2n+2
44
What is the definition for alkene
The hydrocarbon homologous series with one double carbon carbon bond and the general formula cnh2n
45
What is the definition for alkyl group
A side chain formed by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane parent chain
46
Aromatic definition
Containing one or more benzene rings
47
General formula definition
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series
48
What are the prefixes for multiple alkyl groups
Di , tri , tetra , penta
49
When there’s two different functional groups eg methyl and ethyl which comes first
Ethyl as it’s in alphabetical order
50
What do you write at the front for a cyclic arrangement
Cyclo - and only need the number for alkyl group if there’s more than 1
51
What is the functional group and suffix for an alkene
C=C and ene
52
What is the functional group , prefix and suffix for an alcohol
-OH , hydroxy , ol
53
What is the functional group , prefix for a haloalkane
-CI , -Br, -I and prefix is chloro, bromo , iodo , fluoro
54
What is the functional group and suffix for an aldehyde
-C=O -CHO and al \ H
55
What is the functional group and suffix for a ketone
O // And -C(CO)C- C-C-C and one
56
what is the functional group and suffix for a carboxylic acid
C=O and COOH \ and oic acid OH
57
what is the functional group and suffix for an ester
c=o and COOC and \ oate o----c
58
what is the functional group and suffix for acyl chloride
C=O COCI and \ oyl chloride CI
59
what is the functional group and suffix and prefix for amine
NH2 , amine and amino
60
what is the functional group and suffix for nitrile
CN , nitrile
61
why do we never put the number of the position for an aldehyde group
its always at the end therfore always on carbon 1
62
when we write alkanes with alcohols when do we use eg hexane instead of hexan
hexane is for diol , triol ,
63
what is the general formula for alkenes
CnH2n
64
what is the general formula for alcohols
CnH2n+1OH
65
what is the formula for carboxylic acids
CnH2nO2
66
what is the formula for ketones
CnH2nO
67
what is the formula for cyclo
CnH2n
68
whats the formula for cyclo with a double bond
CnH2n-1
69
70
What is an isomer
Different compounds with the same molecular formula
71
What is an isomer
Different compounds with the same molecular formula
72
What is a structural isomer
Are molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulae
73
What 3 ways can structural isomerism occur
The hydrocarbon chain can be branched or un branched Functional group in different positions Different functional groups
74
When a structural isomer is formed by different arrangements of the carbon skeleton what properties do they have
They have similar chemical properties but slightly different physical properties
75
Positional group isomerism what does it change to the properties
Similar chemical properties but different physical properties as same functional group and carbon skeleton but in a different position
76
What properties do functional group isomers have
Same molecular formula Different functional groups Different physical and chemical properties
77
Why would the boiling point of a isomer be higher than the other
If it’s a straight chain and not branched it packs together more closely and there is therefore Greater London forces as more points of contact and so more energy needed to overcome and a higher boiling point
78
How do covalent bonds break
Covalent bonds break via fission (splitting into two or more parts )
79
What are the two types of fission
Heterolytic and homolytic
80
What is homolytic fission
When a covalent bond breaks by homolytic fission , each bonded atom takes one electron from the bond . Each atom has one unpaired electron .
81
What is a radical
An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron is called a radical
82
What arrows can be used in the equation to show homolytic fission
Fish hooks can be used to represent the movement of an unpaired electron
83
What is heterolytic fission
When a covalent bond breaks by heterolytic fission one of the bonded atoms takes both electrons from the bond , making two opposite charged ions . The atom with both the atoms is the negative ion and the atom which doesn’t take the electrons is the positive ion
84
What do curly arrows show in heterolytic fission
Curly arrows show the movement of electron pairs in a reaction when bonds are being broken or formed
85
What is a chemical mechanism
A chemical mechanism shows the movement of electrons during a chemical reaction
86
What are addition reactions
Two reactants join together to make one product . Eg a small molecule adds to the unsaturated alkene , breaking the double bond to form a single saturated compound
87
What % atom economy do addition reactions have
100% atom economy
88
What is a substitution reaction
In substitution reactions an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or groups of atoms
89
What is an elimination reaction
Elimination reactions involve the removal of a small molecule from a larger one so one reactant molecule forms two products
90
Definition for general formula
The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series . All members of a homologous organic series follow the general formula
91
what is an electrophile
an electron pair acceptor eg Br2
92
what is a nucleophile
an electron pair donor eg OH-
93
What is the equation for molar gas volume
Mol = vol /24
94
why is reflux used
enables a liquid to be continually boiled , this prevents volatile components from escaping and the flask from boiling dry
95

chemistry (26 decks)

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