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chemistry > Basic Concepts Of Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Basic Concepts Of Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

Give some examples of where organic compounds are used in modern life

A

Pharmaceuticals , detergents , dyes , pigments , cosmetics

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2
Q

What is so useful about carbon

A

It can form 4 covalent bonds and these can bond to other carbon atoms to form long chains

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3
Q

What is the definition for a hydrocarbon

A

A compound containing carbon and hydrogen only

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4
Q

What are the two types of hydrocarbon

A

Saturated and unsaturated

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5
Q

What is a saturated hydrocarbon

A

A hydrocarbon with single bonds only

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6
Q

What is an unstaturated hydrocarbon

A

Contains carbon to carbon multiple bonds

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7
Q

What is the definition for a homologous series

A

A family of compounds with similar chemical properties whose successive members differ by the addition of a ch2 group

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8
Q

What is the definition for a functional group

A

The part of the organic molecule that is largely responsible for the molecules chemical properties

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9
Q

What do you do to find the longest carbon chain

A

It’s the one with the most carbons and most branches

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10
Q

How many Covalent bonds can oxygen form

A

2 covalent bonds

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11
Q

How many covalent bonds can hydrogen have

A

1

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12
Q

What does the molecular formula show

A

The number of each type of atom

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13
Q

What does a structural formula show

A

Shows the minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule

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14
Q

What does a displayed formula show

A

Shows the relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them

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15
Q

What does the skeletal formula show

A

A simplified organic formula shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains , leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups

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16
Q

What is the IUCPAC

A

as there are so many compounds we need a way to keep track of them
Important for effective communication that we have a universal system for naming
The system we have in place allows chemists to communicate clearly across the world and is crontrolled by IUPAC

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17
Q

What is the stem

A

The stem of the name indicates the number of carbon atoms in the longest continuous chain of the molecule

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18
Q

What is a prefix

A

A prefix can be added before the stem , often to indicate the presence of side chains or functional groups

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19
Q

What is a suffix

A

A suffix is added after the stem to indicate the functional groups

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20
Q

What is the name for the alkane with 1 carbon atom and formula

A

Methane ( ch4)

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21
Q

What is the name for the alkane with 2 carbon atoms and formula

A

Ethane (c2h6)

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22
Q

What is the alkane with 3 carbon atoms and formula

A

Propane c3h8

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23
Q

What is the alkane with 4 carbon atoms and formula

A

Butane c4h10

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24
Q

What is the alkane with 5 carbon atoms and formula

A

Pentane c5h12

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25
Q

What is the alkane with 6 carbon atoms and formula

A

Hexane c6h14

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26
Q

What is the name and formula for the alkane with 7 carbon atoms

A

Heptane c7h16

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27
Q

What is the name and formula for the alkane with 8 carbon atoms

A

Octane c8h18

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28
Q

What is the name and formula for the alkane with 9 carbon atoms

A

Nonane c9h20

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29
Q

What is the name and formula for the alkane with 10 carbon atoms

A

Decane c10h22

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30
Q

What is the name for the alkyl group CH3

A

Methyl

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31
Q

What is the name for the alkyl group C2H5

A

Ethyl

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32
Q

What is the name for the alkyl group C3H7

A

Propyl

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33
Q

What is the name for the alkyl group c4h9

A

Butyl

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34
Q

What is the name for the alkyl group c5h11

A

Pentyl

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35
Q

What is the name for the alkyl group c6h13

A

Hexyl

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36
Q

What is the name for the alkyl group c7h15

A

Heptyl

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37
Q

What is the name for the alkyl group c8h17

A

Octyl

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38
Q

What is the name for the alkyl group c9h19

A

Nonyl

39
Q

What is the name for the alkyl group c10h21

A

Decyl

40
Q

How do you name a alicyclic alkane

A

Add prefix cyclo

41
Q

What is the definition for the term alicyclic

A

Containing carbon atoms joined together in a ring that is not aromatic . These compounds are also aliphatic ,

42
Q

What is the definition for aliphatic

A

Containing carbon atoms joined together in a straight or branched chains or cyclic (non aromatic ) these compounds include the alicyclic compounds

43
Q

What is the definition for an alkane

A

The hydrocarbon homologous series with the general formula cnh2n+2

44
Q

What is the definition for alkene

A

The hydrocarbon homologous series with one double carbon carbon bond and the general formula cnh2n

45
Q

What is the definition for alkyl group

A

A side chain formed by removing a hydrogen atom from an alkane parent chain

46
Q

Aromatic definition

A

Containing one or more benzene rings

47
Q

General formula definition

A

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series

48
Q

What are the prefixes for multiple alkyl groups

A

Di , tri , tetra , penta

49
Q

When there’s two different functional groups eg methyl and ethyl which comes first

A

Ethyl as it’s in alphabetical order

50
Q

What do you write at the front for a cyclic arrangement

A

Cyclo - and only need the number for alkyl group if there’s more than 1

51
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for an alkene

A

C=C and ene

52
Q

What is the functional group , prefix and suffix for an alcohol

A

-OH , hydroxy , ol

53
Q

What is the functional group , prefix for a haloalkane

A

-CI , -Br, -I and prefix is chloro, bromo , iodo , fluoro

54
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for an aldehyde

A

-C=O -CHO and al
\
H

55
Q

What is the functional group and suffix for a ketone

A

O
// And -C(CO)C-
C-C-C and one

56
Q

what is the functional group and suffix for a carboxylic acid

A

C=O and COOH
\ and oic acid
OH

57
Q

what is the functional group and suffix for an ester

A

c=o and COOC and
\ oate
o—-c

58
Q

what is the functional group and suffix for acyl chloride

A

C=O COCI and
\ oyl chloride
CI

59
Q

what is the functional group and suffix and prefix for amine

A

NH2 , amine and amino

60
Q

what is the functional group and suffix for nitrile

A

CN , nitrile

61
Q

why do we never put the number of the position for an aldehyde group

A

its always at the end therfore always on carbon 1

62
Q

when we write alkanes with alcohols when do we use eg hexane instead of hexan

A

hexane is for diol , triol ,

63
Q

what is the general formula for alkenes

A

CnH2n

64
Q

what is the general formula for alcohols

A

CnH2n+1OH

65
Q

what is the formula for carboxylic acids

A

CnH2nO2

66
Q

what is the formula for ketones

A

CnH2nO

67
Q

what is the formula for cyclo

A

CnH2n

68
Q

whats the formula for cyclo with a double bond

A

CnH2n-1

69
Q
A
70
Q

What is an isomer

A

Different compounds with the same molecular formula

71
Q

What is an isomer

A

Different compounds with the same molecular formula

72
Q

What is a structural isomer

A

Are molecules with the same molecular formula but with different structural formulae

73
Q

What 3 ways can structural isomerism occur

A

The hydrocarbon chain can be branched or un branched
Functional group in different positions
Different functional groups

74
Q

When a structural isomer is formed by different arrangements of the carbon skeleton what properties do they have

A

They have similar chemical properties but slightly different physical properties

75
Q

Positional group isomerism what does it change to the properties

A

Similar chemical properties but different physical properties as same functional group and carbon skeleton but in a different position

76
Q

What properties do functional group isomers have

A

Same molecular formula
Different functional groups
Different physical and chemical properties

77
Q

Why would the boiling point of a isomer be higher than the other

A

If it’s a straight chain and not branched it packs together more closely and there is therefore Greater London forces as more points of contact and so more energy needed to overcome and a higher boiling point

78
Q

How do covalent bonds break

A

Covalent bonds break via fission (splitting into two or more parts )

79
Q

What are the two types of fission

A

Heterolytic and homolytic

80
Q

What is homolytic fission

A

When a covalent bond breaks by homolytic fission , each bonded atom takes one electron from the bond . Each atom has one unpaired electron .

81
Q

What is a radical

A

An atom or group of atoms with an unpaired electron is called a radical

82
Q

What arrows can be used in the equation to show homolytic fission

A

Fish hooks can be used to represent the movement of an unpaired electron

83
Q

What is heterolytic fission

A

When a covalent bond breaks by heterolytic fission one of the bonded atoms takes both electrons from the bond , making two opposite charged ions . The atom with both the atoms is the negative ion and the atom which doesn’t take the electrons is the positive ion

84
Q

What do curly arrows show in heterolytic fission

A

Curly arrows show the movement of electron pairs in a reaction when bonds are being broken or formed

85
Q

What is a chemical mechanism

A

A chemical mechanism shows the movement of electrons during a chemical reaction

86
Q

What are addition reactions

A

Two reactants join together to make one product . Eg a small molecule adds to the unsaturated alkene , breaking the double bond to form a single saturated compound

87
Q

What % atom economy do addition reactions have

A

100% atom economy

88
Q

What is a substitution reaction

A

In substitution reactions an atom or group of atoms is replaced with a different atom or groups of atoms

89
Q

What is an elimination reaction

A

Elimination reactions involve the removal of a small molecule from a larger one so one reactant molecule forms two products

90
Q

Definition for general formula

A

The simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series . All members of a homologous organic series follow the general formula

91
Q

what is an electrophile

A

an electron pair acceptor eg Br2

92
Q

what is a nucleophile

A

an electron pair donor eg OH-

93
Q

What is the equation for molar gas volume

A

Mol = vol /24

chemistry (24 decks)

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