Basic Concepts Of Oragnic Chemistry

Question 1

State the IUPAC rules of nomenclature, including how you would name a diene

Answer 1

1) identify the longest straight carbon to carbon chain (backbone)
2) Work our the suffix and number the carbon chain with this functional group as the lowest possible
3) list the functional groups in alphabetical order - prefixed with the number of carbon it is on

Naming dienes - number from side nearest to first C=C

Question 2

Define homologous series

Answer 2

A series of compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by CH2

Question 3

Explain why a tertiary carbonation is most stable

Answer 3

A tertiary carbonation is the most likely to form as the more alkyl groups around the carbon, the more spread out the charge, causing an increase in stability. Electron donating nature of alkyl groups have a positive inductive effect on adjacent groups - which tends to push electrons away. Markovnikoff’s rule states that the most stable form is the most likely to form

Question 4

Explain the different types of covalent bond fission

Answer 4

Heterolytic and Homolytic fission

Heterolytic: involves the uneven breaking of a covalent bond. Here the more Eneg atom takes both the electrons in the covalent bond, forming ions.

Homolytic: both atoms leave with an equal number of electronics from the covalent bond, forming free radicals

Question 5

Define structural isomerism

Answer 5

Molecules with the same molecular formula but different structural formulae
i.e. the atoms are joined together in a different order