Basic Concepts Flashcards
Complete, physical, mental and social well being and not necessarily the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO)
Health
Active process of becoming aware of and making choices toward a healthy and fulfilling life
Wellness
A way of living that lowers the risk of being ill or dying
Healthy lifestyle
●Government agencies or community groups not normally done by the private sector that improves the health status of the community or of individuals in the community
●Directed at community level
Public Health
Encompasses comprehensive health provisions ranging from preventive, promotive, curative to rehabilitative services
Community Medicine
Branch of medicine that concentrates on keeping people well with a goal of disease prevention and health promotion
Goals: disease prevention and health promotion
Preventive Medicine
Level of prevention :
Abstaining from tobacco
Primary
Level of prevention :
Cardiac stress testing
Secondary
Level of prevention :
Tumor debulking for stage 4 cancer
Tertiary
Level of prevention :
Practicing stress management
Primary
Level of prevention :
Testicular self-examination
Secondary
Level of prevention :
Smoking cessation after MI
Tertiary
Level of prevention :
Oral chemoprophylaxis with doxycycline for flood exposure
Primary
Self breast examination
Secondary
●Most basic type of sampling design
●every unit has equal chance to be included in sample population
Simple random sampling
●A sampling design wherein every kth element of the population is chosen.
●Drawing a sample is easier.
●A sampling frame is not necessary.
●More precise than simple random sampling.
Systematic sampling design
●Every element found in each cluster is included in the study.
●Only population listof clusters is needed.
●May have bias.
Cluster sampling
●Qualitative categorical or Discrete quantitative
●Comparison of absolute or relative counts, rates.
Bar graph
●Qualitative variable
●Comparison between 2 population or distribution.
●Alternative to pie chart.
Component/Stacked bar graph
●Qualitative
●Usually presented as counts.
●example: leading cause of mortality
Horizontal Bar
●Quantitative variable showing changes with passage of time
●design with spaces in between bar because variable is discrete; use to show trends
Vertical bar graph
●Qualitative
●breakdown of a group or total where the number of categories is not too many ( <6 categories)
●sum of all proportion must be equal to 100%
Pie chart
●Continuous quantitative
●frequency distribution of continuous variable or measurement including age group; 1 population, 1 distribution
●decimals, income
Histogram
●Quantitative variable
●trend data
●Time series
Line graph
●Quantitative continuous
●comparison of 2 population
●comparison of income in ERAP era and GMA era
Frequency polygon
●Quantitative
●Correlation betweentwo quantitative variables
●Comparison of birth weight to AOG
Scatterplot/Scatter Point/Dot diagram
●Uses symbols or picture
●Used in showing the distribution of morbidity across a geographic area
Pictograph
Most common measure of central tendency; Average
MEAN
Value that falls in the middle position when the observations are ranked in order from the smallest to the largest
Median
Greatest frequency in a set of observations
Used in public health statistics
Bimodal distribution
Mode
Average of the squared deviation of the mean
Always a positive value
Affected by outliers
Variance
Square root of variance
Most common and useful measure because it is the average distance of each score from the mean
Highly affected by the outliers
Standard deviation
Standard of deviation as a % of a mean
Use to compare relative dispersion
Measures relative variability
Coefficient of variation
Combines a column chart and line graph
Point to point graph
Principle of this chart : 80% of the output in a given situation or system is produced 20% of the input
Paretto Chart
True or False :
The mean, median and mode are ALL Equal
True
True or False :
The total area under the curve and above the x axis is equal to 1.
True
What are the 2 parameters in Normal deviation?
Mean and SD
True or False :
For a normal distribution, almost all values lie within 3 deviations of the mean.
True
What rule do we use in computing proportions or percentages of values in normal distribution?
“The 68-95-99.7% Rule”
68% of observations fall within 1 SD of the mean
95% of observations fall within 2 SDs of the mean
99.7% of observations fall within 3 SDs of the mean
Negatively skewed
Outlying values are small
Mean is smaller than the median
Mean
Skewed to the Left
Positively skewed
Outlying values are large
Mean is larger than the median
Mean>Median>Mode
Skewed to the right
What is the statistical test applied?
OBSERVED COUNTS
CHI SQUARE TEST
What is the statistical test applied?
COMPARE MEANS
T-TEST
Type of ANOVA with only ONE independent variable
One way ANOVA
Type of ANOVA with more than one independent variable
N-Way ANOVA
Choice of statistical test in Qualitative->Qualitative
Example: sex and nutritional status
Chi square test
- T-test A. <30 populations
- Z-test B. >30 populations
- ANOVA C. 3 or more groups are being compared
- A
- B
- C
The probability of obtaining the result is due to chance alone.
P value
