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Prev Med > Basic Concepts > Flashcards

Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Complete, physical, mental and social well being and not necessarily the absence of disease or infirmity (WHO)

A

Health

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2
Q

Active process of becoming aware of and making choices toward a healthy and fulfilling life

A

Wellness

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3
Q

A way of living that lowers the risk of being ill or dying

A

Healthy lifestyle

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4
Q

●Government agencies or community groups not normally done by the private sector that improves the health status of the community or of individuals in the community

●Directed at community level

A

Public Health

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5
Q

Encompasses comprehensive health provisions ranging from preventive, promotive, curative to rehabilitative services

A

Community Medicine

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6
Q

Branch of medicine that concentrates on keeping people well with a goal of disease prevention and health promotion

Goals: disease prevention and health promotion

A

Preventive Medicine

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7
Q

Level of prevention :

Abstaining from tobacco

A

Primary

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8
Q

Level of prevention :

Cardiac stress testing

A

Secondary

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9
Q

Level of prevention :

Tumor debulking for stage 4 cancer

A

Tertiary

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10
Q

Level of prevention :

Practicing stress management

A

Primary

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11
Q

Level of prevention :

Testicular self-examination

A

Secondary

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12
Q

Level of prevention :

Smoking cessation after MI

A

Tertiary

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13
Q

Level of prevention :

Oral chemoprophylaxis with doxycycline for flood exposure

A

Primary

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14
Q

Self breast examination

A

Secondary

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15
Q

●Most basic type of sampling design

●every unit has equal chance to be included in sample population

A

Simple random sampling

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16
Q

●A sampling design wherein every kth element of the population is chosen.

●Drawing a sample is easier.

●A sampling frame is not necessary.

●More precise than simple random sampling.

A

Systematic sampling design

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17
Q

●Every element found in each cluster is included in the study.

●Only population listof clusters is needed.

●May have bias.

A

Cluster sampling

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18
Q

●Qualitative categorical or Discrete quantitative

●Comparison of absolute or relative counts, rates.

A

Bar graph

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19
Q

●Qualitative variable

●Comparison between 2 population or distribution.

●Alternative to pie chart.

A

Component/Stacked bar graph

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20
Q

●Qualitative

●Usually presented as counts.

●example: leading cause of mortality

A

Horizontal Bar

21
Q

●Quantitative variable showing changes with passage of time

●design with spaces in between bar because variable is discrete; use to show trends

A

Vertical bar graph

22
Q

●Qualitative

●breakdown of a group or total where the number of categories is not too many ( <6 categories)

●sum of all proportion must be equal to 100%

A

Pie chart

23
Q

●Continuous quantitative

●frequency distribution of continuous variable or measurement including age group; 1 population, 1 distribution

●decimals, income

A

Histogram

24
Q

●Quantitative variable

●trend data

●Time series

A

Line graph

25
Q

●Quantitative continuous

●comparison of 2 population

●comparison of income in ERAP era and GMA era

A

Frequency polygon

26
Q

●Quantitative

●Correlation betweentwo quantitative variables

●Comparison of birth weight to AOG

A

Scatterplot/Scatter Point/Dot diagram

27
Q

●Uses symbols or picture

●Used in showing the distribution of morbidity across a geographic area

A

Pictograph

28
Q

Most common measure of central tendency; Average

A

MEAN

29
Q

Value that falls in the middle position when the observations are ranked in order from the smallest to the largest

A

Median

30
Q

Greatest frequency in a set of observations

Used in public health statistics

Bimodal distribution

A

Mode

31
Q

Average of the squared deviation of the mean

Always a positive value

Affected by outliers

A

Variance

32
Q

Square root of variance

Most common and useful measure because it is the average distance of each score from the mean

Highly affected by the outliers

A

Standard deviation

33
Q

Standard of deviation as a % of a mean

Use to compare relative dispersion

Measures relative variability

A

Coefficient of variation

34
Q

Combines a column chart and line graph

Point to point graph

Principle of this chart : 80% of the output in a given situation or system is produced 20% of the input

A

Paretto Chart

35
Q

True or False :

The mean, median and mode are ALL Equal

A

True

36
Q

True or False :

The total area under the curve and above the x axis is equal to 1.

A

True

37
Q

What are the 2 parameters in Normal deviation?

A

Mean and SD

38
Q

True or False :

For a normal distribution, almost all values lie within 3 deviations of the mean.

A

True

39
Q

What rule do we use in computing proportions or percentages of values in normal distribution?

A

“The 68-95-99.7% Rule”

68% of observations fall within 1 SD of the mean

95% of observations fall within 2 SDs of the mean

99.7% of observations fall within 3 SDs of the mean

40
Q

Negatively skewed

Outlying values are small

Mean is smaller than the median

Mean

A

Skewed to the Left

41
Q

Positively skewed

Outlying values are large

Mean is larger than the median

Mean>Median>Mode

A

Skewed to the right

42
Q

What is the statistical test applied?

OBSERVED COUNTS

A

CHI SQUARE TEST

43
Q

What is the statistical test applied?

COMPARE MEANS

A

T-TEST

44
Q

Type of ANOVA with only ONE independent variable

A

One way ANOVA

45
Q

Type of ANOVA with more than one independent variable

A

N-Way ANOVA

46
Q

Choice of statistical test in Qualitative->Qualitative

Example: sex and nutritional status

A

Chi square test

47
Q
  1. T-test A. <30 populations
  2. Z-test B. >30 populations
  3. ANOVA C. 3 or more groups are being compared
A
  1. A
  2. B
  3. C
48
Q

The probability of obtaining the result is due to chance alone.

A

P value

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