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Respiratory Disease 101 > Basic concepts > Flashcards

Basic concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the main features of the respiratory system for gas exchange?

A

Large SA, approx 50m squared

Bilipid membrane

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2
Q

Non-respiratory functions associated with the respiratory tract?

A

Producing Sound

Facilitating olfactory stimulation.

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3
Q

Is engergy expended in breathing?

A

Yes. Apporximately 5% of normal energy output is used in providing respiratory function

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4
Q

Respiratory surfaces need protection from…?

A

Dehydration
Environmental variations
Pathogens

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5
Q

What does the upper respiratory tract consist of?

A

The URT consists of the:

  • Nasal cavity
  • Paranasal sinuses
  • Pharynx
  • Larynx
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6
Q

Describe the lining of the upper respiratory tract. What is its function?

A

Most of the lining in the URT is normal mucosa. It acts as protection and serves to warm and moisten air as it moves into the lower respiratory tract.

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7
Q

Name the 2 zones of the lower respiratory tract.

A
  • Conducting zone

- Respiratory zone

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8
Q

In total, how many generations are there in the respiratory tract.

A

23 generations.

*16 in the conducting zone and 7 in the respiratory zone.

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9
Q

Components of the conducting zone?

A

Trachea

First 16 generations.

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10
Q

Functions of the conducting zone?

A
  • Warms and humidifies inspired air
  • Distributes air evenly
  • Cleans air
  • Defense
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11
Q

Components of the respiratory zone?

A

Last 7 airway generations and alveoli

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12
Q

Function of the respiratory zone?

A

The respiratory zone is the site of gas exchange.

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13
Q

How many lobar bronchi do we have?

A
  • 2 left lobar bronchi
  • 3 right lobar bronchi

This is in addition to the main bronchi, segmental bronchi and bronchioles

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14
Q

Describe the histology of respiratory epithelium.

A

Respiratory epithelium is pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells.

Don’t forget the basement membrane is also there

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15
Q

Describe the histology of the lamina propria

A

Contains connective tissue, blood and lymph. There is also a band of fibroelastic tissue at the base of the lamina propria that becomes more prominent and muscular throughout the RT.

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16
Q

Describe the histology of the submucosa

A

Smooth muscle and elastin fibres. Contains seromucus glands.

17
Q

What kind of cartilage is found in the respiratory tract?

A

Hyeline cartilage.

18
Q

Name the 2 types of cells found in the alveoli.

A
  • Type I pneumocytes- Squamous cells for diffusion of gases.

- Type II pneumocytes- Rounded cells which produce and secrete surfactant.

19
Q

How many alveoli do we have?

A

Approximately 500 million ‘bubbles’

20
Q

What are the main features of the alveoli?

A
  • Large SA, approximately 70m squared.
  • 1 cell thick
  • 0.2-0.5mm diameter.
  • Good blood supply
  • Rapid equilibration, approximately 0.25 seconds
  • Inherently unstable.
21
Q

Describe the changes in the partial pressures of oxygen during internal and external respiration.

A
  • Atmospheric air- PO2= 159 mmHg
  • Inhalation
  • Alveolar air- PO2= 105 mmHg
  • Passes into pulmonary capillaries and travels to left atrium.
  • Oxygenated blood- pO2= 100 mmHg
  • Travels to tissues via systemic capillaries
  • Systemic tissue cells- pO2= 40mmHg
  • Tavels from tissues to right atrium via systemic capillaries
  • Deoxygenated blood- pO2= 40mmHg
  • Travels back to lungs via pulmonary capillaries
  • Exhalation
22
Q

Describe the changes in the partial pressures of carbon dioxide during internal and external respiration.

A
  • Atmospheric air- pCO2= 0.3 mmHg
  • Inhalation
  • Alveolar air- pCO2= 40 mmHg
  • Passes into pulmonary capillaries and travels to left atrium.
  • Oxygenated blood- pCO2= 40mmHg
  • Travels to tissues via systemic capillaries
  • Systemic tissue cells- pCO2= 45 mmHg
  • Tavels from tissues to right atrium via systemic capillaries
  • Deoxygenated blood- pCO2= 45mmHg
  • Travels back to lungs via pulmonary capillaries
  • Exhalation
23
Q

What is the main factor affecting paO2?

A

paO2 is mainly affected by the state of the air-blood barrier and the respiratory system functionality.

24
Q

Which law describes the rate of gas diffusion into the blood?

A

Fick’s law.

*Learn the equations, they’ll come in handy during exams**

25
Q

How is oxygen transported in blood?

A

1) Physically dissolved (1.5%)
- Exerts a pressure (paO2)
- carrying capacity in plasma= 0.3ml O2/ 100ml blood
2) Bound to haemoglobin (98.5%)
- Each gm of haemoglobin carries 1.34ml O2.
- Typically there’s 15gm Hb per 100 ml of blood
- O2 carrying capacity= 19.7ml/100ml

26
Q

Total O2 content in blood?

A

Approx. 20ml O2/ 100ml blood

27
Q

Name the respiratory defense mechanisms in place in the upper airways.

A

i) Nasopharynx: -Nasal hair
- Turbinates
- Mucociliatory apparatus
- IgA secretion
ii) Oropharynx: - Saliva
- Sloughing of epithelial cells
- Local compliment production
- Interference from resident flora.

28
Q

Name the respiratory defense mechanisms in place in the conducting airways.

A

Trachea, bronchi: -Cough, epiglottic reflexes

                          - Sharp-angled branching of airways
                          - Mucociliary apparatus
                          - Ig secretion (A, G, M)
29
Q

Name the respiratory defense mechanisms in place in the lower airways.

A

Terminal airways, alveoli: - Alveolar lining fluid

                                       - Cytokines
                                       - Aveolar macrophages
                                       - Neutrophils
                                       - Cell-mediated immunity
30
Q

How are inhaled particles removed?

A
  • Large particles are filtered out in the nose.
  • Mucociliary elevator
  • Those that enter the distal respiratory tree are phagocytosed by alveolar macrophages
  • Some organisms may reach draining lymph nodes and initiate immune responses.
31
Q

What is the mucociliary elevator?

A

A major barrier against infection.

32
Q

Which mechanisms operate to remove inhaled particles after the development of adaptive immunity?

A

1) URT- Secreted IgA blocks attachment to epithelium
2) LRT- Serum antibodies are present in the alveolar lining fluid.
3) T-cell immunity

Respiratory Disease 101 (2 decks)

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