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Microbio Gram Pos > Basic Concepts > Flashcards

Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

4 divisions of protozoa

A

Sporozoa, flagellates, amoebae, and ciliates

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2
Q

3 main groups of helminths

A

Nematodes, tapeworms, and flukes

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3
Q

Steps of Gram stain

A

Fixation, crystal violet, iodine, alcohol (decolorization), safranin (counter stain)

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4
Q

Temp range for psychrophiles

A
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5
Q

Temp range for thermophiles

A

45-60 C

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6
Q

Temp range for stenothermophiles

A

> 60 C

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7
Q

Cholera toxin expressed by?

A

Vibrio cholerae

Requires lysogenic conversion

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8
Q

Steps of Gram stain

A

Fixation, crystal violet, iodine, alcohol (decolorization), safranin (counter stain)

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9
Q

Temp range for mesophiles

A

20-45 C

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10
Q

Diff b/w true / primary pathogens and opportunistic / secondary pathogens

A

True / primary pathogens are able to infect normal hosts

Opportunistic / secondary infections exploit compromised host defenses

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11
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Regulation of gene expression in response to fluctuations in cell-population density

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12
Q

Penicillins
Type of AB
Mechanism
Specific drugs

A

Beta lactams
Cell wall inhibitor via binding to peptidoglycan-forming proteins (called penicillin binding proteins [PBPs]).
Dicloxacillin (antistaphylococcal), Ampicillin. Pipercillin

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13
Q

Diptheria toxin expressed by?

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

Requires lysogenic conversion

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14
Q

Cholera toxin expressed by?

A

Vibrio cholerae

Requires lysogenic conversion

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15
Q

IgA
Secreted from?
What does it do?

A

Secreted from respiratory epithelium

Prevents attachment of organisms to epithelium

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16
Q

What does Clostridium difficile do?

A

Causes pseudomembranous colitis after AB treatment kills normal bowel microbiota

17
Q

Diff b/w true / primary pathogens and opportunistic / secondary pathogens

A

True / primary pathogens are able to infect normal hosts

Opportunistic / secondary infections exploit compromised host defenses

18
Q

Trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-sulfa)
Mechanism
Use

A

Folic acid inhibitor (targets nucleic acids in different fashion).
Used against Gram (-) bacteria such as E coli and staphylococci.

19
Q

Penicillins
Type of AB
Mechanism
Specific examples

A

Beta lactams
Cell wall inhibitor via binding to peptidoglycan-forming proteins (called penicillin binding proteins [PBPs]).
Dicloxacillin (antistaphylococcal), Ampicillin. Pipercillin

20
Q 
Cephalosporins
Type
Mechanism
Comparison to penicillin
Specific drugs
A

Beta lactams
Inhibits cell wall synthesis.
More resistant to inactivation by beta-lactamases than penicillins
Cephalexin, cefoxitin, ceftriaxone, cefepime, ceftaroline (Generation 1-5)

21
Q

Vancomycin
Type
Mechanism
Use

A

Glycopeptide
Inhibits cell wall synthesis.
Works against methicillin-resistant Staph aureus (MRSA). Should be reserved for beta-lactam resistant infections or people allergic to beta lactams.

22
Q

Catalase rxn
Staph
Strep

A

H2O2 –> H2O + O2
Staph are catalase positive
Strep are catalase negative

23
Q

Aminoglycosides
Mechanism
Use
Specific drugs

A

Target 30S ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis.
Only useful against aerobic organisms. Treat Gram (-) bacteria.
Getamicin and tobramycin.

24
Q

Macrolides
Mechanism
Use
Specific drugs

A

Target 50S ribosomes to inhibit protein synthesis.
Good for people allergic to beta lactams.
Erythromycin and azithromycin

25
Q

Fluoroquinolines
Mechanism
Specific drugs and uses

A

Target DNA gyrase (topoisomerase) to inhibit DNA synthesis.
Ciprofloxacin used for Gram (+). Moxifloxacin used for Gram (-).

26
Q

Things to ask about during history

A
  • Timing and nature of fevers (constant, nightly, rigors, sweats)
  • Contact w/ others who are ill
  • Predisposing factors (diabetes, immunosuppression, COPD)
  • Recent or recurrent infection
  • Travel history
  • Animal contacts
  • Recent or current antimicrobial therapy
27
Q

Important parts of physical exam

A

Temp, lymphadenopathy, skin (trauma, ulcers, line sites, rashes), organ systems

28
Q

What is acid-fast stain used for?

A

TB diagnosis

29
Q

Which 2 organisms are only bacteria 100% susceptible to penicillin?

A

Strep pyogenes (GAS) and Treponema pallidum (syphilis)

30
Q

Kirby Bauer susceptibility test

A

Put AB on culture and measure diameter of death

31
Q

Advantages vs disadvantages of identification via nuclei acid sequence detection

A
  • Advantages – More rapid (hrs vs days), greater sensitivity, antigens can still be detected after tx w/ AB kills bacteria
  • Disadvantages – inability to do further tests (such as susceptibility / strain testing)
32
Q

IgM

A

Produced when px first encounters pathogen and disappears quickly. Unable to cross placenta.

33
Q

IgG

A

Formed later in response to pathogen and remains elevated for long periods of time

34
Q

EMB

A

Eosin methylene blue. Agar specific for gram-negative rods. Inhibits growth of Gram (+) bacteria

Microbio Gram Pos (11 decks)

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