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Human Geography > Basic Concepts > Flashcards

Basic Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

Of or pertaining to space on or near Earth’s surface. Often a synonym for geographical and used as an adjective to describe specific geographic concepts or processes.

A

Spatial

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2
Q

The exact position of an object or place stated in spatial coordinates or a grid system designed for locational purposes, e.g., latitude and longitude.

A

Absolute Location

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3
Q

The position of a place or activity in relation to other places or activities; implies spatial relationships and usually suggests the relative advantages or disadvantages of a location with respect to all competing locations.

A

Relative Location

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4
Q

The physical character of a place

A

Site

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5
Q

The relative location of a place or activity in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of the larger regional or spatial system of which it is a part; the location of a place relative to other places.

A

Situation

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6
Q

The name given to a portion of Earth’s surface.

A

Place Name (Toponym)

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7
Q

(absolute, relative)

A

Distance, Direction, or Size

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8
Q

The size of an area student, from local to global.

A

Scale (implied degree of generalization)

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9
Q

Natural landscape

A

Physical attributes

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10
Q

Cultural landscape

A

Cultural attribute

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11
Q

The part of the physical landscape that represents material culture; the buildings, roads, bridges, and similar structures large and small of the cultural landscape.

A

Built landscape

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12
Q

Successive habitation of same area over time; builds layer after layer in the region.

A

Sequent occupance

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13
Q

A nineteenth and early twentieth century approach to the study of geography that argued that the general laws sought by human geographers could be found in the physical sciences; physical environment caused human activities.

A

Environmental determinism

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14
Q

The theory that the physical environment may set limits on human actions, but people have the ability to adjust to the physical environment and choose a course of action form many alternatives.

A

Possibilism

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15
Q

The movement and flows involving human activity.

A

Spatial interaction

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16
Q

The opportunity for contact or interaction from a given point or location, in relation to other locations.

A

Accessibility

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17
Q

The directness of routes linking pairs of places; an indication of the degree of internal connection in a transport network; all of the tangible and intangible means of connection and communication between places.

A

Connectivity

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18
Q

The areal pattern of sets of places and the routes (links) connecting them along which movement can take place.

A

Network

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19
Q

The diminishing in importance and eventual disappearance of a phenomenon with increasing distance from its origin.

A

Distance decay

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20
Q

A measure of the retarding or restricting effect of distance on spatial interaction; the greater the distance, the greater the “friction” and the less the interaction or exchange, or the greater the cost of achieving the exchange.

A

Friction of distance

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21
Q

An influence on the rate of expansion diffusion of an idea, observing that the spread or acceptance of an idea is usually delayed as distance from the source of the innovation increases.

A

Time-spaced compression

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22
Q

The process of spread of a feature or trend from one place to another over time.

A

Diffusion

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23
Q

The region from which innovative ideas originate.

A

Hearth

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24
Q

The spread of a feature or trend through bodily movement of people from one place to another.

A

Relocation

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25
Q

The spread of a feature or trend among people from one area to another in a snowballing process.

A

Expansion

26
Q

The spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places; spread of culture from one important / large area to another important / large area.

A

Hierarchical

27
Q

The rapid, widespread diffusion of a feature or trend though out a population; person to person spread of culture.

A

Contagious

28
Q

The spread of a n underlying principle, even though a specific characteristic is rejected.

A

Stimulus

29
Q

The arrangement of something across Earth’s surface.

A

Distribution

30
Q

The total number of people divided by the total land area.

A

Density Arithmetic

31
Q

The number of people per unit of area of arable land, which is land suitable for agriculture.

A

Physiological density

32
Q

A rural settlement pattern characterized by isolated farms rather than clustered villages.

A

Dispersed / Scattered

33
Q

A rural settlement in which the houses and farm buildings of each family are situated close to each other and fields surround the settlement.

A

Clustered/agglomerated

34
Q

(linear, centralized, random)

A

Pattern

35
Q

An area distinguished by a unique combination of trends or features.

A

Region (formal/uniform, functional / nodal, perceptual / vernacular)

36
Q

An area in which everyone shares in one or more distinctive characteristics.

A

Formal Region

37
Q

An area organized around a node or focal point.

A

Functional Region (Nodal)

38
Q

An area that people believe to exist as part of their cultural identity.

A

Perceptual/Vernacular

39
Q

A two-dimensional, or flat, representation of Earth’s surface or a portion of it.

A

Map

40
Q

Distance on a map relative to the distance on Earth.

A

Map Scale

41
Q

Area, distance, direction, shape

A

Distortion

42
Q

The system used to transfer locations from Earth’s surface to a flat map.

A

Projection

43
Q

(North and South Poles, latitude, parallel, Equator, longitude, meridian, prime meridian, International Date Line)

A

Grid

44
Q

The numbering system used to indicate the location of parallels drawn on a globe and measuring distance north and south of the Equator.

A

Latitude

45
Q

The numbering system used to indicate the location of meridians drawn on a globe and measuring distance east and west of the Prime Meridian.

A

Longitude

46
Q

An imaginary east-west line that encircles the globe halfway between the North and South Poles.

A

Equator

47
Q

Line of longitude

A

Meridian

48
Q

An imaginary line passing through the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, serving by agreement as the 0º line of longitude.

A

Prime Meridian

49
Q

An arc that fro the most part follows 180º longitude, although it deviates in several place to avoid dividing land areas. When you cross it heading east, the clock moves back 24 hours, and when you cross it going west the calendar moves ahead one day.

A

International Date Line

50
Q

(thematic, statistical, cartogram, dot, choropleth, isoline, graduated circle)

A

Map Types

51
Q

A map that demonstrates a particular feature or a single variable. Four types: dot, isoline, choropleth, and proportional symbol.

A

Thematic

52
Q

A thematic map in which a dot represents some frequency of the mapped variable.

A

Dot

53
Q

A thematic map in which ranked classes of some variable are depicted with shading patterns or colors for predefined zones.

A

Chloropleth

54
Q

A thematic map with lines that connect points of equal value.

A

Isoline

55
Q

A map that has been simplified to present a single idea ina diagrammatic way: the base is not normally true to scale.

A

Cartogram

56
Q

A thematic map in which the size of a symbol varies in proportion to the frequency or intensity of the mapped variable.

A

Proportional Symbol

57
Q

(cognitive map) the map like image of the world, country, region, city, or neighborhood a person carries in mind.

A

Mental Map

58
Q

A geographic region within which the same standard time is used.

A

Time zone

59
Q

A computer hardware and software system that handles geographically referenced data; it uses and produces maps and has the ability to perform many types of spatial analysis.

A

Geographic Information System (GIS)

60
Q

A system that determines the precise position of something on Earth through a series of satellites, tracking stations, and receivers.

A

Global Positioning System (GPS)

61
Q

The acquisition of data about Earth’s surface from a satellite orbiting the planet or other long-distance methods.

A

Remote sensing

62
Q

A simplified abstraction of reality, structured to clarify causal relationships: e.g., Demographic Transition, Gravity Model, etc.

A

Model

Human Geography (2 decks)

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