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Endocrine Physiology > Basic Concepts > Flashcards

Basic Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Endocrine and Exocrine

A
  • Exocrine- uses ducts
  • Endocrine-
    • Does NOT use ducts
    • Ductless gland that releases product directly into blood stream in order to act on a target tissue
    • Can produce one or several chemical messengers
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2
Q

Mosiacs

A
  • Contain several cell types
    • Anterior pituitary
    • Endocrine pancreas
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3
Q

Classifications of Hormones

A

Neurohormone: A hormone produced by a nerve cell
Neuropeptide: A peptidergic neurohormone

Neruopeptide Y and Angiontensin II

Nonpeptidergic neurohormone: not made of a peptide chain

Dopamine and Norepinephrine

Neurotransmitter: neurohormone that act transsynapically

Actelycholine

Neuromodulator: a hormone that alters the response of a neuron to the action of a neurotransmitter or hormone

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4
Q

Receptor

A
  • Proteins with highly specific 3D structure and function
  • Most commonly in the lipid bilayer of the membrane
  • Sometimes found
    • In cytoplasm
    • In the nucleus
    • Near DNA
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5
Q

Hormone Pathway in a Cell Using Receptor

A

Hormone –> membrane receptor –> 2nd messenger –>

  • Acute:
    • Protein modification
      • Protein-protein interactions
      • Phosphorylation
    • Enzyme regulation
  • Chronic
    • Nuceus –> DNA–>mRN–> protein synthesis
    • Effect gene transcription
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6
Q

Hormone Permeability

A
  • Permeable
    • Binds to intercellular nuclear receptor
      • Steroid
    • Thyroid hormone
  • Non-permeable
    • Peptide hormones
    • Biogenic amines (catecholamine)
    • Prostaglandins
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7
Q

Peptides and glycoproteins

A
  • Derived from amino acids
  • Receptor Location: Cell membrane
  • Originating tissue: All except adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, and thyroid
  • Examples: Insulin, glucagon, TSH
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8
Q

Steroids

A
  • Derived from cholesterol backbone
  • Receptor Location: cytosol and nucleus
  • Source: adrenal cortex, gonads, placenta
  • Examples: cortisol, testosterone, estradiol, aldosterone
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9
Q

Amines

A
  • Derived from the amino acid tyrosine
    • Catecholamines: membrane receptor
      • Adrenergic receptor subtype: α1,α2, β1, β2, β3
    • Epinephrine: released from adrenal medulla
    • Norepinephrine: released from synaptic nerve endings
      • 80% of NE comes from neural secretion
      • 20% comes from adrenal medulla
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10
Q

Thyroid Hormones

A
  • Released from thyroid gland
    • T4
      • Thyroine
      • Biologically inactive
      • 4 iodines in its structure
    • T3
      • Triiodothyronine
      • Biologically active
      • 3 iodines in its structure
  • Receptor location: nuclear
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11
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • Source: various neurons
  • Receptor location: post synaptic membrane receptor
  • Examples: Acetylcholine, dopamine, serotonin
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12
Q

Protaglandins

A
  • Source: numerous tissues
  • Receptor location: cell membrane
  • Examples: PGE2, PGF2α
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13
Q

Hormone Delivery

A
  • Endocrine: messenger is blood borne
    • Primary means of delivery for most hormones
  • Neuroendocrine: hormone release by nerve cell is bloodborne
  • Neurocrine: neuron contacts its target cells by axonal extensions and the messenger is released into the synaptic cleft between two cells
  • Paracrine: released hormone diffuses to adjacent target cells via the extracellular space (Islets of Langerhans)
  • Autocrine: hormone released may feedback upon the cell of origin (bradykinin release from endothelial cells)
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14
Q

Neural Control

A
  • Sympathoadrenal: direct sympathetic innervation of adrenal medulla
  • ANS innervation of endocrine glands: central command
    • Anterior and posterior pituitary
    • Liver
    • Pancreas
    • Thyroid
    • Gonads
    • Parathyroids
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15
Q

Circulating Fuels and Ions

A
  • Plasma Fuels:
    • Glucose
    • Free fatty acids
    • Amino Acids: Arginine
  • Ions:
    • Calcium
    • Phosphorus
    • Sodium
    • Potassium
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16
Q

Humoral Transport

A
  • Steroid, thyroid and peptide hormones are bound to specific plasma proteins (binding globulins) for transport in the blood
  • Only unbound, free hormone is biologically active
17
Q

Binding Capacity and Sensativity

A
  • Increased sensitivity
    • The greater the hormone binding capacity, the more sensitive the tissue will be to a given concentration of hormone
    • More available receptors increases biding capacity and sensitivity
  • Response curve shifts left with increased sensitivity
  • Response curve shifts right with decreased sensitivity
  • Response curve shifts right and down with decreased responsiveness
18
Q

PKA second messenger system

A

Hormone –> β-adrenergic receptor –>Gs –> AC –> cAMP –> activate PKA –> TF

Hormone –> α2-adrenergic receptor –> Gi –> AC –> inhibit cAMP

Used by peptide hormones and biogenic amines

19
Q

PKC

A

Hormone –> α1-adrenergic receptor –> Gq –> PLC –> PIP2 –>

  • DAG –> PKC –> phosphorylation of proteins –> cellular response
  • IP3 –> ER –> increases Ca2+ release –>Ca2+ regulated enzymes –> cellular response

*increased Ca2+ also increases sensitivity of PKC to DAG

20
Q

CaMK

A

Hormone –> Ach receptor –> opening of Ca2+ channels –> calmodulin binding Ca2+ –> activate affector protein –> cellular response

*both Ca2+ and CaMK are second messengers

*Calmodulin becomes activated by binding Ca2+

* Any Ca2+ increase within a cell can activate this pathway

21
Q

Receptor Mediated Tyrosine Kinase Activity

A

Insulin –> α- subunit –> conformational change of β subunit –> Phosphorylation of Tyr residue –> increased Tyr kinase activity –> IRS-1 posphorylation –> cellular response

*IRS 1 is the second messenger

*IRS 1 is not an enzyme, but can act like one downstream

*the receptor itself is the enzyme

22
Q

Nuclear Receptor

A
  • Hormone enters by diffusion
  • Binding of hormone with nuclear receptor
  • Activation of hormone/receptor complex
  • Interaction between hormone/receptor complex and DNA hormone-response elements (HREs) with transcription of specific DNA sequence into mRNA
  • mRNA is translated into cell-specific protein
  • Protein subsequently mediates biological response
23
Q

Steroid Hormone Receptor

A
  • Hormone enters by diffusion
  • Binding of hormone with nuclear receptor
  • Activation of hormone/receptor complex
  • Interaction between hormone/receptor complex and DNA hormone-response elements (HREs) with transcription of specific DNA sequence into mRNA
  • mRNA is translated into cell-specific protein
  • Protein subsequently mediates biological response

Endocrine Physiology (4 decks)

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