Basic concepts Flashcards
Empirical formula
Simplest whole number ratio of each element present in a compound
Molecular formula
Actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule
General formula
Simplest algebraic formula of a member of a homologous series i.e. for an alkane: C(n)H(2n)
Structural formula
The minimal detail that shows the arrangement of atoms in a molecule e.g. for butane CH(3)(CH(2)2)CH(3)
Displayed formula
The relative positioning of atoms and the bonds between them (with all the bond sticks)
Skeletal formula
The simplified organic formula, shown by removing hydrogen atoms from alkyl chains, leaving just a carbon skeleton and associated functional groups
Homologous series
A series of organic compounds having the same functional group but with each successive member differing by a CH2 group
Functional group
A group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound
First 10 alkanes
Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane, Hexane, Heptane, Octane, Nonane, Decane
Structural isomers
Compounds with the same molecular formula but different structural formula
Stereoisomers
Compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of atoms in space
E/Z isomerism
An example of stereoisomerism. Conditions: C=C double bond (restricted rotation) and each carbon atom in the C=C double bond to have 2 different groups attached. E is when the groups are apart; Z is when the groups are together
Cis-trans isomerism
A special case of E/Z isomerism in which 2 of the substituent groups are the same
Homolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond with one of the bonded electrons going to each atom, forming two radicals
Heterolytic fission
The breaking of a covalent bond with both of the bonded electrons going to one of the atoms forming a cation (+) and an anion (-)
