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Basic Concepts Flashcards

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1
Q

The percentage of carbon in a small box of the pure substance sucrose (table sugar) is 42.1%.(a) is sucrose an element or a compound? (b) what is the percentage of carbon in a large box of the same substance?

A

a) sucrose is a compound:it contains more than one element.
b) the larger sample is also 42.1% carbon because a given compound always contains the same percentage of each of its elements,no matter what the size of the sample.

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2
Q

If we stir a teaspoon of sugar into a glass of water and a teaspoon of mud into another glass of water, the sugar will disappear into the water ( dissolve),but the mud will not,which mixture is a solution?

A

The sugar forms a solution-a homogeneous mixture-with the water .the mud and water form a heterogeneous mixture.particles of mud are easy to see in the mud-water mixture,but seeing any sugar particles in the sugar-water solution is impossible, no matter how hard we look (even with a microscope)

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3
Q

Classfify each of the following statements as true or false

a) every mixture contains two or more free elements
b) every compound is a substance
c) every compound contains two or more elements
d) every mixture contains two or more compounds
e) every substance is a compound
f) all mixture are homogeneous
g) every mixture contains two or more substance

A

A)false (they may contain compounds and only one or no fee elements.)
B)true
C)true
D)false (they may contain free elements or compounds or both.)
E)false (some are free elements)
F)false (some are heterogeneous)
G)true

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4
Q

Does a compound baking soda has a definite composition

A

Yes because all compounds have a definite composition and baking soda is a compound so it must have a definite composition

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5
Q

Sample A weighs twice as much as sample B.is it possible to tell which sample is iron and which is powered sugar

A

The weight of a sample is an extensive property that does not tell anything about the materials material

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6
Q

Sample A is attracted by a magnetic and sample B is a white powder.is it possible to tell which sample is iron and which is powerederd sugar

A

The intensive properties enable us to tell which of the two samples is iron (the magnetic one ) and which is a powdered sugar (the white one )

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7
Q

After a certain substance is heated in air until no further reaction takes place a metal is left that has a mass 58.5% of the original substance.after another substance is heated in air ,a white poweder is left that has a mass of 138% of that of the original substance. Can you tell whether the reactants and the products are elements or compounds

A

The first substance is a compound. When it is heated, it decomposes into a metallic material that is left behind and some gaseous product that escapes into the air. Because the metal has less mass than the original substance, it is simpler. The original substance is decomposable-it is not an element. The metal product might or might not be decomposable, so we cannot tell from the information given whether it is an element or a compound.
The second substance combined with something in the air; it gained mass. The powdery product is therefore a combination of substances and cannot be an element. We do not know if the original substance can be decomposed (it was not decomposed in this experiment), so we cannot tell if it is an element or a compound.

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8
Q

Consider the statement: “There is 1 liter (L) of colorless soda in the can.” Which of the two properties is intensive and which is extensive?

A

The lack of color is intensive; the volume, 1 liter (L). is extensive.

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9
Q

A certain familiar substance freezes at 0?C. Does this property help identify the substance

A

The property certainly helps identify the substance. Many people would guess that it is water without further data, but that is risky.

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10
Q

What desired energy conversion is exhibited by (a) use of a flashlight and (b) an automobile consuming gasoline?
Solution

A

(a) Chemical energy is converted to electrical energy, which is converted to light. (b) Chemical energy is converted to kinetic energy.
Practice Problem

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11
Q

Which has a greater mass -an automobile or a sewing thimble

A

The auto mobile has a greater mass there is more matter present

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12
Q

How many different elements are represented in the formula coco3

A

Three (Co. C. and O).

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13
Q

Which element begins the fourth period of the periodic table? Which element ends it? How many elements are in that period?

A

Potassium (K) begins the period, Krypton (Kr) ends it, and there are18 elements in the period.

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14
Q

Is each of the following sets of elements in the same period or in the same group? Which set has the more similar chemical properties? (a) N. P. As (b) Li, C. F

A

(b) is in the same period (2); set (a) is in the same group (VA). Set (a) has the more similar chemical properties.

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15
Q

In what period are the actinide elements found?

A

The actinide elements, 90-103, follow element 89 and therefore are in period 7.

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16
Q

The symbols for how many transition elements are included in the periodic table inside the front cover of the text?

A

There are 37 (including the new artificial elements).

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17
Q

Which of the following elements are metals, and which are nonmetals?

(a) Calcium
b) phosphorus
(c) Nickel
d) the carbon in a diamond

A

(a) Calcium is a metal.
(b) Phosphorus is a nonmetal
(c) Nickel is a metal.
(d) Carbon is a nonmetal.

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18
Q

Use the periodic table to identify each of the following:

(a) The fifth element of the first transition series
(b) The element of the fourth period that is also in group VB
(c) The last lanthanide
(d) The seventh transition element
(f) The first element of group VIII
(h) The first alkaline carth metal

A 
Solution
(a) Mn
(b)V
(c) Lu
(d) Co 
(e) Pa
 (f) Fe
( g) Br
(h) Be
(i) Cu
(e) The second actinide metal
(g) The third halogen 
(i) The first coinage metal
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19
Q

What are the atomic numbers (the integers) of the third transition series of elements?

A

57 and 72-80

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20
Q

What element that is not naturally occurring has the smallest atomic number?

A

Po (84)

21
Q

Is the law of definite proportions an explanation or a collection of observations?

A

It is a collection of observations. That is why it called a law.

22
Q

A chemist in which branch of chemistry most often deals with the chemistry of compounds of carbon?

A

Organic chemistry

23
Q

Would it be considered unusual for an organic chemist to analyzea new compound, even though analysis is considered to be the function of an analytical chemist?

A

No all chemists use all of the branches of chemistry in their work.

24
Q

Which of the following are samples of matter, and which are samples of energy?

(a) A tree
(b) A beam of li mght
(c) The exhaust gas
(d) The output of an electric from a car heater

A

(a) Matter
(b) Energy
(c) Matter
(d) Energy

25
Q

All brands of pure aspirin are the same compound. If you need aspirin, how should you choose a brand to buy?

A

Buy the least expensive brand, if it is pure aspirin.

26
Q

Does each main group have more or fewer elements than a typical transition group?

A

The main groups have five to seven elements each, and the typical transition group has only three or four.

27
Q

(a) In which group of the periodic table is S?
(b. )In which period is S?
(c. )What type of element is S-a main group element, a transition element, or an inner transition element?

A

(a) Group VIA (16)
(b) Third period
(c) A main group element

28
Q

Why do scientists accept a new law?

A

(a) Scientific societies accept it.
(b) It explains most of the observations.
(c. )The government says to accept it.
(d. )Prominent scientists say to accept it.
(e. )Many scientists check the law and find it correct.

29
Q

(a) When pure water is cooled below 0?C (32?F), it freezes (solidifies). When the solid is warmed above that temperature, it melts again. Its composition does not change during the entire process. Are these chemical or physical changes?
(b) When gaseous ethylene is treated with a tiny quantity of a certain other substance, it solidifics. It is difficult to cause the solid to re-form a gas. Is the solidification a chemical or a physical change?

A

(a) Physical

(b) Chemical

30
Q

What kind of change-chemical or physical-is the dissolving of sugar in

(a) hot tea?
(b) iced tea?

A

(a) chemical change

(b) Physical change

31
Q

In a certain experiment, two separate samples of matter are mixed, and a great deal of heat is generated. Is this more likely to be a chemical or a physical change?

A

A chemical change, which more heat is generated

32
Q

Classify each of the following as a compound or mixture. If it is impossible to tell, explain why.

(a. )A solid combination of iron and oxygen, no part of which is attracted by a magnet
(b. )A material containing 88.8% oxygen and 11.2% hydrogen
(c. )A material that is explosive and that contains 88.8% oxygen and 11.2% hydrogen
(d. )A material that consists of blue particles and red particles
(e. ) material containing only hydrogen and oxygen that is a gas under ordinary room conditions

A

(a) Compound
(c) Mixture
(e) Mixture

33
Q

Bromine melts at -7.2?C: sodium melts at 97.81?C. A certain combination of the two melts at 747?C. Is the combination a mixture or a compound?

A

It is a compound, which has its own set of properties, as evidenced by the very high melting point.

34
Q

Classify each of the following as an element, a compound, or a mixture

(a. )Solid iodine (a dark violet solid)
(b. )A homogeneous combination of sodium and iodine that is a white solid
(c. )A homogeneous combination of iodine and alcohol
(d. )(tincture of iodine), which retains a dark color and the liquid state of the alcohol

A

(a) Element
(b) Compound a combination with its own set of properties
(c) Mixture of iodine and alcohol

35
Q

Classify the following materials as homogeneous or heterogeneous:

(a) White paint
(b) Milk
(c. )Household ammonia (ammonia gas dissolved in water)
(d. ) A glass of pure water containing an ice cube (also pure water)
(e. )A teaspoon of sugar in a glass of warm water after having been stirred thoroughly
(f. )A cola drink with no bubbles visible
(g. )A cola drink with bubbles

A

(a) Heterogeneous
(b) Heterogeneous
(c) Homogeneous
(d) Heterogeneous
(e) Homogeneous
(f) Homogeneous
(g) Heterogeneous

36
Q

Electricity is passed through 14.40 grams (g) of a pure substance, and 5.66 grams of one material and 8.74 grams of another material are produced. Is the original substance an element or a compound?

A

It is a compound because it can be decomposed into simpler substances. We know that the products are simpler because each is only part of the original sample; each has less mass.

37
Q

Which of the following properties are extensive and which are intensive?
(a) Length
(b) Color
(c) Price per unit
(d) Total cost
(e) Volume
(f) Mass
(g) Boiling point
(h) Speed

A

(a) Extensive
(b) Intensive
(c) Intensive
(d Extensive
(e) Extensive
(1) Extensive
(g) Intensive
(h) Intensive

38
Q

List four or five properties you could use to distinguish between iron and aluminum. State which one(s) are chemical properties.

A

Iron is heavier (for a given volume), magnetic, rusts more easily, is less easily bent, and is less shiny than aluminum, among many other differences. The rusting is a chemical property.

39
Q

A sample of a liquid is homogeneous. When it is cooled to 7?C. part of the liquid solidifies. The solid part is removed, and the liquid part is cooled further, but no other change takes place. Is the original liquid a compound or a solution?

A

A solution (Different parts have different properties.)

40
Q

How much energy is created when 1.00 kg of charcoal (mostly carbon) is burned in air?

A

None (Energy is changed from chemical to heat.)

41
Q

What two changes in energy accompany the use of a flashlight?

A

Chemical energy to electric energy to light

42
Q

Name a device commonly found on a car that changes:

a. Chemical energy to electrical energy
b. Electrical energy to sound
c. Mechanical energy to heat
d. Electrical energy to chemical energy (e) Chemical energy to mechanical energy
f. Electrical energy to mechanical energy
g. Electrical energy to heat
A

One example of each is given.

(a) Battery
(b) Hom
(c) Brakes
(d) Battery
(e) Engine
(f) Starter
(g) Rear window defogger

43
Q

How many elements are present in each of the following?

(a) OsSO.(c) NI3
(d) Sc(SCN)3 (f) Nb (g) CoCl2

A

(a)Three (e) Two
(b) Two
One
(c) Two
(g) Two
(d) Four

44
Q

(a) What two elements are in group V of period 4?

(b) What element(s) is (are) in group V of period 2?

A

(a) V and As

() N

45
Q

Which element of periodic group IA is not an alkali metal?

A

Hydrogen

46
Q

Which of the following neighbors of nitrogen in the periodic table has chemical properties most like those of nitrogen-oxygen, carbon, or phosphorus?

A

Phosphorus

47
Q

Would you expect vanadium (V) or sulfur to act more like a typical metal?

A

Vanadium is a typical metal; it is on the left, far from the metal-nonmetal dividing line in the periodic table.

48
Q

The formula of an oxide of phosphorus is P2Os. Make an educated guess as to which one of the following formulas represents a real compound: $205 GazOs A$2Os

A

As2O3 (P and As are in the same periodic group, so their compounds are expected to have similar formulas.)

49
Q

Using the table inside the back cover of the text and the periodic table, determine:

a. How many elements whose names start with the letter C are transition elements?
b. How many elements whose symbols start with the letter P are transition elements?
A

(a) Four (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu) (b) Two (Pd, Pt)

Advanced chemistry (1 decks)

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