basic concept of ststs Flashcards
is the science of collecting, organizing, summarizing, and analyzing information
to draw conclusions or to answer questions.
Statistics
I is not an exact Science. It is usually considered a distinct mathematical science
rather than a branch of mathematics.
Statistics
is about providing a measure of confidence in any conclusions.
Statistics
used to describe the entire population being studied.
Parameter
process of statistics
ICOD
- Identify the research objective
- Collect the information needed to answer the questions.
- Organize and summarize the information.
- Draw conclusion from the information.
The total collection of all the elements that we are interested in
is called
population.
A subgroup of the population that will be
studied in detail is called
sample.
Identify the research objective(dq)
- determine the question you want to be answered
- question must be detailed to identify the group to be studied
is the process of gathering and measuring information on variables
of interest, in an established systematic fashion that enables one to answer stated
research questions, test hypotheses, and evaluate outcomes.
Data collection
Importance of Data Collection
EHABHII
- empowers you to make informed decisions.
- helps you identify problems.
- allows you to develop accurate theories.
- backup your arguments.
- helps you get your hands-on funding.
- increases your return on assets.
- improves quality of life.
Consequences from Improperly Collected Data
IIDMCC
I Inability to answer research questions accurately
I Inability to repeat and validate the study
I Distorted findings resulting in wasted resources
I Misleading other researchers to pursue fruitless avenues of investigation
I Compromising decisions for public policy
I Causing harm to human participants and animal subjects
Steps in Data Gathering
SDDDC
- Set the objectives for collecting data.
- Determine the data needed based on the set objectives.
- Determine the method to be used in data gathering and define the
comprehensive data collection points. - Design data gathering forms to be used.
- Collect data.
provide a first-hand account of an event or time period and
are considered to be authoritative. They represent original thinking, reports on
discoveries or events, or they can share new information. Often these sources
are created at the time the events occurred but they can also include sources
that are created later.
Primary sources
sources offer an analysis, interpretation or a restatement of
primary sources and are considered to be persuasive. They often involve
generalization, synthesis, interpretation, commentary or evaluation in an
attempt to convince the reader of the creator’s argument.
Secondary sources
Methods of Collecting Primary Data: The researcher has direct contact with the interviewee.
The researcher gathers information by asking questions to the interviewee.
Direct personal interviews.
Methods of Collecting Primary Data: This methods of data collection involve sourcing
and accessing existing data that were originally collected for
Indirect/Questionnaire Method.
Methods of Collecting Primary Data: is a group interview of approximately six to twelve people who share
similar characteristics or common interests. A facilitator guides the group based on a
predetermined set of topics.
Focus group
Methods of Collecting Primary Data: is a method of collecting data where there is direct human intervention
on the conditions that may affect the values of the variable of interest.
Experiment
Methods of Collecting Primary Data: is a method of collecting data on the phenomenon of interest by
recording the observations made about the phenomenon as it actually happens.
Observation
Methods of Collecting Secondary Data
PFRII
- Published report on newspaper and periodicals
- Financial Data reported in annual reports
- Records maintained by the institution
- Internal reports of the government departments
- Information from official publications
describe the information collected through numerical
measurements, charts, graphs, and tables. The main purpose of this statistics is to provide an overview of the information collected.
Descriptive statistics
uses methods that take results obtained from a sample,
extend them to the population, and measure the reliability of the result.
Inferential statistics
inferential or descriptive: Out of 200 students surveyed, 50% of them were not able to cope in an online class setting.
Descriptive
inferential or descriptive: It is estimated that 50% of students in the Philippines were not able to cope in
an online class setting.
inferential
inferential or descriptive: A badminton player wants to know his average score for the past 10 games.
descriptive
inferential or descriptive: A car manufacturer wishes to estimate the average lifetime of batteries by
testing a sample of 50 batteries.
inferential
inferential or descriptive: Janine wants to determine the variability of her six exam scores in Algebra.
descriptive
the characteristics that differentiate every individual within the
population/sample.
Variables
variables that yield categorical responses. It is a
word or a code that represents a class or category.
Qualitative variables
variables that take on numerical values representing an amount or
quantity.
Quantitative variables
quali or quanti: hair color
quali
quali or quanti: temperature
quanti
quali or quanti: no. of hamburger sold
quanti
quali or quanti: no of children
quanti
quali or quanti: zipcode
quali
a quantitative variable that has either a finite number of
possible values or a countable number of possible values. The term countable
means that the values result from counting, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, and so on.
Discrete variable
a quantitative variable that has an infinite number of
possible values that are not countable.
continuous variable
refers to the relationship among the values that are
assigned to the attributes for a variable.
level of measurement
Levels of Measurement Identify, name, classify, or categorize objects or events. Method of payment (cash, check, debit card, credit card), Type of
school (public vs. private), Eye Color (Blue, Green, Brown)
Nominal Level
Levels of Measurement Like nominal scales, identify, name, classify, or categorize, objects or events but
have an additional property of a logical or natural order to the categories or
values. Examples: Rank of a Military officer, Social Economic Class (First, Middle,
Lower)
Ordinal Level
Levels of Measurement Identify, have ordered values, and have the additional property of equal
distances or intervals between scales.
Example: Temperature on Fahrenheit/Celsius Thermometer, Trait anxiety (e.g.,
high anxious vs. low anxious), IQ (e.g., high IQ vs. average IQ vs. low IQ)
Interval Level
Levels of Measurement identify, order, represent equal distances between scores values, and have an
absolute zero point.
Example: Height, Weight, Number of words correctly spelled
Ratio Level
nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio Ranking of college athletic teams
ordinal
nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio: Employee number
nominal
nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio: Number of vehicles registered
ratio
nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio: Brands of soft drinks
nominal
nominal, ordinal, interval or ratio: Number of car passers along C5 on a given day
ratio
