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IT-RAD101 [PRELIMS] > Basic Concept of Radiation Part 2 > Flashcards

Basic Concept of Radiation Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

From longest to shortest wavelength, identify all the types of electromagnetic radiation.

A
  1. Radio waves
  2. Microwaves
  3. Infrared
  4. Visible Light
  5. Ultraviolet light
  6. X-rays
  7. Gamma rays
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2
Q

It is the range of wavelengths or frequencies over which electromagnetic radiation extends.

A

Electromagnetic Spectrum

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3
Q

This type of EM radiation have the longest wavelength in the EM spectrum.

A

Radio waves

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4
Q

This type of EM radiation carry signals for television and cellular phones.

A

Radio waves

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5
Q

Type of EM radiation which is closer to a foot in length, and are the waves which heat our food in a microwave oven.

A

Longer microwaves

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6
Q

Type of EM radiation that are used in remote sensing.

A

Shorter microwaves

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7
Q

Type of EM radiation which are used for radar, like the doppler radar used in weather forecast.

A

Shorter microwaves

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8
Q

A type of radar used in weather forecast.

A

Doppler radar

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9
Q

Also known as IR

A

Infrared

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10
Q

Type of EM radiation that lies between the visible and microwave portions of the EM spectrum.

A

Infrared

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11
Q

How did Infrared get its name?

A

Because the wavelength of infrared rays is just a bit longer than that of red rays

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12
Q

What is the primary source of infrared radiation?

A

Heat or thermal radiation

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13
Q

This is the radiation produced by the motion of atoms and molecules in an object

A

Heat or thermal radiation

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14
Q

This type of EM radiation is essentially just heat radiation.

A

Infrared

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15
Q

What are the 3 categories of infrared?

A

near, mid, and far-infrared

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16
Q

This refers tot the part of the infrared spectrum that is closest to visible light.

A

Near-infrared

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17
Q

This refers to the part of the infrared spectrum that is closer to the microwave region.

A

Far-infrared

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18
Q

Region between near-infrared and far-infrared

A

Mid-infrared

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19
Q

Type of EM radiation which are the only EM waves visible to human eyes

A

Visible light

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20
Q

This has the longest wavelength from the visible light spectrum.

A

Red (625-740 nm)

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21
Q

This has the shortest wavelength from the visible light spectrum.

A

Violet (380-425 nm)

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22
Q

This is seen as the colors of the rainbow.

A

Visible light

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23
Q

What happens if all the waves in the visible light spectrum are seen together?

A

They make white light

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24
Q

What happens if a white light shines through a prism?

A

The white light is broken apart into the colors of the visible light spectrum

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25
Q

This is a source of the full spectrum of ultraviolet spectrum.

A

Sun

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26
Q

These are most damaging and harmful and are almost completely absorbed by our atmosphere

A

UV-C Rays

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27
Q

These are harmful rays that cause sunburn and darkening of skin

A

UV-B rays

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28
Q

Exposure to UV-B rays increases what?

A

DNA and other cellular damage in living

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29
Q

These are UV rays that reaches the lens and retina, and can cause cataract and retinal diseases.

A

UV-A rays

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30
Q

What are the three regions of UV?

A
  1. Near ultraviolet (NUV)
  2. Far ultraviolet (FUV)
  3. Extreme ultraviolet (EUV)
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31
Q

This is the light closest to optical or visible light

A

NUV (near ultraviolet)

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32
Q

This UV light is closest to X-rays

A

EUV (extreme ultraviolet)

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33
Q

UV rays between the NUV and EUV

A

FUV (far ultraviolet)

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34
Q

Type of EM radiation that have higher wavelengths and higher in energy than UV rays

A

X-rays

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35
Q

These were first observed and documented in 1895 by Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

A

X-rays

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36
Q

They have the smallest wavelengths and the most energy of any other wave in the EM spectrum

A

Gamma rays

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37
Q

these waves are generated by radioactive atoms and in nuclear explosions

A

Gamma rays

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38
Q

These can kill living cells, a fact which medicine uses to its advantage wherein the use of gamma rays occur to kill cancerous cells

A

Gamma rays

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39
Q

A stream of atomic or subatomic particles that may be charged positively (alpha particles) or negatively (beta particles) or not at all (neutrons)

A

Particulate Radiation

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40
Q

Atomic or subatomic particles (electrons protons, etc.) which carry energy in the form of kinetic energy or mass in motion

A

Particulate Radiation

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41
Q

This involves tiny fast-moving particles that have both energy and mass

A

Particulate Radiation

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42
Q

This is primarily produced by disintegration of an unstable atom

A

Particulate Radiation

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43
Q

Particulate radiation is also known as?

A

Corpuscular radiation

44
Q

Type of ionizing radiation ejected by the nuclei of some unstable atoms

A

Alpha particle

45
Q

This is relatively heavy, high-energy subatomic particle consisting of two protons and two neutrons

A

Alpha particle

46
Q

Alpha particle is identical to what?

A

Helium nucleus

47
Q

Who discovered alpha particles?

A

Ernest Rutherford

48
Q

When and how was the discovery of the alpha particle occurred?

A

1899, Ernest Rutherford (English Scientist) discovered alpha particles while working with Uranium

49
Q

What is the velocity in air of alpha particles?

A

Approximately one-twentieth the speed of light

50
Q

Identify the 6 positive alpha emitters (skip this flashcard i dont think important sya pero just in case)

A
  • Polonium-210
  • Radium-226
  • Thorium-230
  • Uranium-234, 235, 238
  • Plutonium-239
  • Americium-241
51
Q

Alpha emitter that can be used to treat cancer by inserting tiny amounts of it into tumorous mass

A

Radium-226

52
Q

Alpha emitter that serves as a static eliminator in paper mills and other industries

A

Polonium-210

53
Q

Some smoke detectors use the alpha emissions from which alpha emitter?

A

Americium-241

54
Q

These atoms tend to be very large atoms.

A

Alpha emitting atoms

55
Q

These are high-velocity electrons with an electrical charge of -1

A

Beta particles

56
Q

This means high speed

57
Q

Mass of beta particles:

A

549 millionths of one amu (1/2000 of the mass of a proton/neutron)

58
Q

He is credited with the discovery of beta particles

A

Henri Becquerel

59
Q

When did Henri Becquerel showed that beta particles were identical to electrons?

60
Q

Speed of beta particles depends on what?

A

How much energy they have

61
Q

In the form of speed, this causes harm to living cells

A

Excess energy of beta particles

62
Q

When transferred, this energy can break chemical bonds and form ions

A

Beta particles

63
Q

A type of beta emitter used for treatment of thyroid disorders, such as cancer and graves disease (type of hyperthyroidism)

A

Iodine-131

64
Q

This is a type of hyperthyroidism

A

Graves disease

65
Q

A beta emitter which is a radioactive tracer in medical and agricultural studies

A

Strontium-90

66
Q

A beta emitter used for life science and drug metabolism studies to ensure the safety of potential new drugs

67
Q

This is able to penetrate tissues and organs of the human body when the radiation source is outside the body

A

Neutron radiation

68
Q

This can be hazardous if neutron-emitting nuclear substances are deposited inside the body

A

Neutron radiation

69
Q

These are high-speed nuclear particles that have an exceptional ability to penetrate other materials

70
Q

Half life of a free neutron

A

15 minutes

71
Q

Neutrons decay by means of:

A

Beta decay, to a proton, and an antineutrino

72
Q

Type of neutron that has energies below thermal energies typically corresponding to meV and sub meV (0-0.025 eV)

A

Cold neutrons

73
Q

Type of neutron colliding with atomic nuclei that either picks up energy if they are moving slower than the colliding nucleus, or lose energy if they are moving faster

A

Thermal neutrons

74
Q

Type of neutron that generally have energies between 100’s of eV to 0.5 or 1 MeV

A

Slow neutrons

75
Q

Type of neutron that is generally between 0.5 and 10-20 MeV

A

Fast neutrons

76
Q

Type of neutron which are energies of neutrons emitted by fission sources

A

Fast neutrons

77
Q

Type of neutron that has above 20 MeV

A

High energy neutrons

78
Q

Where does neutron radiation primarily occurs?

A

Inside a nuclear reactor

79
Q

Positron is also known as?

A

Antielectron

80
Q

This is the antiparticle or the antimatter counterpart of the electron

81
Q

What is the charge of positron?

A

Electric charge of +1e ; also has the same mass as an electron

82
Q

What happens when a low-energy positron collides with a low-energy electron?

A

Annihilation occurs

83
Q

This is the production of two or more gamma ray photons

A

Annihilation

84
Q

First step of discovery of positron was by?

A

Carl D. Anderson

85
Q

When was Carl D. Anderson awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics?

86
Q

He concluded the existence of a positive particle of electronic mass (positive electron)

A

Carl D. Anderson

87
Q

Second step of discovery of positron had been suggested by?

A

Paul Adrien Maurice Dirac

88
Q

What did the second step of discovery of positron entailed?

A

The production of positive electrons by means of radioactive sources and the identification of Anderson’s particle with the antielectron

89
Q

Types of radiation according to its ionizing ability

A
  1. Ionizing radiation
  2. Non-ionizing Radiation
90
Q

This refers to any process by which electrically neutral atoms or molecules are converted to electrically charged atoms or molecules (ions)

A

Ionization

91
Q

This concept is one of the principal ways that radiation, such as charged particles and X-rays, transfers its energy to matter

A

Ionization

92
Q

Type of radiation that has enough energy to cause the atoms in a molecule to vibrate but not enough to remove electrons

A

Non-ionizing radiation

93
Q

5 types of non-ionizing radiation:

A
  1. Ultraviolet radiation (Except EUV)
  2. Visible light
  3. Infrared radiation
  4. Microwaves
  5. Radio waves
94
Q

Type of radiation that has extremely low-frequency radiation, has very long wavelengths, and its frequencies range from 100 Hz or less

A

Non-ionizing radiation

95
Q

Type of radiation carried by any of several types of particles (particulate) and rays (EM radiation) given off by radioactive material, X-ray machines, and nuclear reactions

A

Ionizing radiation

96
Q

Type of radiation that can remove tightly bound electrons from the orbit of an atom, causing the atom to become charged or ionized

A

Ionizing radiation

97
Q

Ionizing radiation includes:

A
  1. Alpha particles
  2. Beta particles
  3. X-rays
  4. Gamma rays
98
Q

2 types of ionizing radiation:

A
  1. Directly ionizing
  2. Indirectly ionizing
99
Q

Type of ionizing radiation that include charged particles (electrons, positrons, protons, alpha particles, heavy ions) with sufficient energy to ionize atoms or molecules

A

Directly ionizing

100
Q

Type of ionizing radiation that when charged particles pass through materials, they ionize atoms

A

Directly ionizing

101
Q

type of ionizing radiation that involves a larger energy transfer event from the primary charged particle to an electron of the medium

A

Directly ionizing

102
Q

Type of ionizing radiation that may result in the production of a relatively energetic secondary electron, often referred to as a delta ray, which itself will go on to produce multiple ionization events

A

Directly ionizing

103
Q

Type of ionizing radiation wherein it is not capable directly of producing the multiple ionization events that characterize the interactions of a charged particle

A

Indirectly ionizing

104
Q

Type of ionizing radiation which includes uncharged particles such as photons and neutrons

A

Indirectly ionizing

105
Q

Type of ionizing radiation that tends to deposit its energy at localized range in materials

A

Directly ionizing radiation

106
Q

Type of ionizing radiation that deposits its energy along its whole path

A

Indirectly ionizing radiation

IT-RAD101 [PRELIMS] (5 decks)

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