Basic Concept of Polymer Science and Engineering Flashcards
substance composed of macromolecules
polymer (iupac definition)
molecule of high
relative molecular mass, the structure of
which essentially comprises the multiple
repetition of units derived, actually or
conceptually, from molecules of low
relative molecular mass
macromolecule
The term polymer stems from the _________ roots __________
Greek; poly (many) and
meros (part).
designates a
molecule made up by the repetition of some simpler unit called a
mer
long-chain molecule that is composed of a large
number of repeating units of identical structure.
polymer
Polymers are prepared by joining a large number of small molecules called
monomers
Polymer was coined by
jons Jacob Berzelius; 1833
Polymer’s Modern definition by
Hermann
Staudinger, 1920
The _________ recorded use of
_____________ as
the predominant early
natural plastic
Horners Company of
London; horn and tortoiseshell
British explorers
discovered the_________ in
Central America.
Ancient
Mayan civilization
The ________ assumed to be
among the first to find an
application for polymers,
as their children were
found playing with balls
made from local rubber
trees.
Mayans
uses
rubber gum for
making waterproof
garments
Charles Macintosh, 1823
identified a
compound extracted
from wood which he
named ______ .
Anselme Payen (1838); cellulose
discovered polystyrene
Eduard Simon, 1839
discovered
vulcanization by
combining natural
rubber with _________ and
heating it in 270o F
Charles Goodyear, 1839, sulfur
Goodyear patents
the vulcanization of
rubber
1844
synthesized
nitrocellulose
(nitrated cellulose)
Christian Friedrich
Schonbein, 1846
patents the first thermoplastic
(____________) made by adding
plasticizer to nitrocellulose
Alexander Parkes, 1856, Parkesine
produced celluloid from cellulose
nitrate mixed with camphor.
Hyatt brothers (John Wesley and Isaiah), 1868
The celluloid was
unstable and subsequently led to the development of
cellulose acetate
was the one of
the fist people to create polyvinyl chloride
(PVC).
Eugen Baumann, 1872
was developed by
Cross and Bevan
Viscose silk (rayon), 1892
_____________produced phenol-formaldehyde, the
first truly synthetic plastic, _________.
Leo Baekeland, 1907, Bakelite
discovered polyvinyl acetate and
patented the manufacturing process for PVC
Fritz Klatte, 1912
discovered how to make sheets and
adhesives from poly(vinyl chloride)
B. F. Goodrich, 1926
The start of vinyl age
1926
, the first transparent sticky tape invented
in US by 3M Company
Scotch tape, 1930
The first industrially practical polyethylene synthesis
was discovered (again by accident) in ______by ____________ at the ___________ works in Northwich, England
1933, Eric Fawcett and Reginald Gibson, Imperial Chemical
Industries (ICI)
in 1933, ___________resins were
developed.
Melamine formaldehyde
invented polyhexamethylene-adipamide.
Wallace Carothers
polyhexamethylene-adipamide was named by Dupont .
nylon
produced
commercially viable
polystyrene.
Wulff Brothers in
Germany, 1936
patented polyurethane.
Otto Bayer, 1937
accidentally
discovered polytetra
fluroethylene (PTFE),
Roy Plunkett, 1938
polytetrafluroethylene (PTFE) was trademarked as
teflon
Polyetheylene
terephthalate (PET),
a saturated polyester
patented by
John
Rex Whinfield and
James Tennant
Dickson., 1941
the polyethylene bag makes its first
appearance
1950s
Polyethylene terephthalate beverage bottles
introduced
1973
First Blue HDPE pressure pipes for potable
water introduced into UK.
1980
Nanotechnology, AirbusA380, iPod
2000 to 2010
Scientists at _______University, Texas have created a new super polymer material that
can stop a 9mm bullet and seal the hole behind it
Bullet proof polymer, Rice
Developed by the __________ to mimic haemoglobin, for use in trauma
situations where blood is needed quickly
University of Sheffield, plastics blood
A polymer solar cell that can produce electricity from sunlight by the photovoltaic effect
provides a lightweight, disposable and inexpensive alternative to traditional solar panels
Plastic Solar Cells
Medical grade and implantable biomaterials such as PEEK will be used in
neurological applications to help control epilepsy, Parkinson’s disease and brain trauma
Implantable Polymers
Space Flights Lightweight carbon composite materials will be crucial in the realisation of sub-orbital tourist spacefligh
Commercial
Body Parts Using plastic materials such as PMMA car parts can be printed at
home and doctors can produce replica livers or kidneys for transplant patients
3d printed
Organic light-emitting diodes are placed on plastic foil to
create electronic devices with flexible displays
Flexible plastic screens
In the future all driverless vehicles will be almost entirely constructed
from plastic parts due to the light weighting properties they provide
Driverless Cars
During the height of COVID-19, plastics companies were called upon to
deliver over 50,000 bottles of hand sanitiser per week to the NHS
COVID-19
Polymer age will continue as long as ____________ and
other feedstocks are available
petroleum
Selection involves such consideration as the
material properties
service conditions
service life;
impact on the
environment and health and safety; economics;
appearance
type of production
production-related material behavior
tragic space shuttle mission that
occurred on _________
The Challenger, January 28, 1986
The disaster apparently resulted from not choosing quite the
right rubber seal for the fuel system
became
rigid and lost its resilience/pliability at low temperatures and
resulted in fuel seepage
O-ring seal
Engineers are responsible to ensure that
their choice of material will not endanger
the user by, for example, breaking
prematurely or by releasing toxic
constituents or fail to perform suitably
under the real conditions of use.
Assess product liability
