Basic Computer Concepts Flashcards
1
Q
- is an electronic device that accepts data from the user, processes it, produces results, displays them to the users, and stores the results for future usage
A
Computer
2
Q
- is a collection of unorganized facts & figures and does not provide any further information regarding patterns, context, etc. Hence data means “unstructured facts and figures”.
A
Data
3
Q
is a structured data i.e. organized meaningful and processed data. To process the data and convert into information, a computer is used.
A
Information
4
Q
Give the four functions of computers
A
• Input
• Process
• Store
• Output
5
Q
Give the 7 Characteristics of Computer System
A
- Memory
- Automation
- Reliability
- Versatility
- Diligence
- Accuracy
- Speed
6
Q
The Basic Applications of Computer
A
• Home
• Medical Field
• Entertainment
• Industry
• Education
• Government
• Banking
• Business
• Training
• Arts
• Science & Engineering
7
Q
Give the Components of Computer System
A
Input Device
Central Processing Unit
-Control Unit
-Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Memory Unit
Output Device
8
Q
- All types of processing, such as comparisons, decision-making and processing of non-numeric information takes place here
A
ALU
9
Q
- This part of CPU extracts instructions, performs execution, maintains and directs operations of entire system.
A
Control Unit
10
Q
- This is unit in which data and instructions given to computer as well as results are stored.
A
Memory Unit
11
Q
- It controls all activities of computer
- Supervises flow of data within CPU
- Directs flow of data within CPU
- Transfers data to Arithmetic and Logic Unit
- Transfers results to memory
- Fetches results from memory to output devices
A
Functions of Control Unit
12
Q
- Any of various languages for expressing a set of detailed instructions for a digital computer
A
Computer Programming Language
13
Q
- Allow us to give instructions to a computer in a language the computer understands
A
Computer Programming Language
14
Q
Give the hierarchy of Computer Language from highest to lowest
A
High level language
Assembley language
Machine Language
Computer Hardware
15
Q
What language type is Web Scripting?
A
Java Script
16
Q
What language type is HTML and XML?
A
WWW Display Languages
17
Q
What language type is Tex, PostScript, SGML?
A
Document Formatting Languages
18
Q
What language type is PERL?
A
Scripting languages
19
Q
What language type is Prolog and Lisp?
A
Declarative Languages
20
Q
What language type is C++, C#, Ada, Java, Visual Basic, and Python?
A
Object Oriented Languages
21
Q
What language type is Cobol and SQL?
A
Business Oriented Languages
22
Q
What language type is Fortran, Algol, and C?
A
Algorithmic languages
23
Q
C evolved from two previous languages
A
BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) and B
24
Q
BCPL was developed in _____ by ______
A
1967 by Martin Richards
25
_________ modeled many features in Martin Richards’s B language
Ken Thompson
26
In ______, who used B to create early versions of the UNIX operating system at Bell Laboratories?
1970, Ken Thompson
27
He evolved the C language from B at Bell Laboraties
Dennis Ritchie
28
The C language was originally implemented on a _______ computer in ______
DEC PDP-11, 1972
29
C uses many of the important concepts of _____ and ____ while adding data typing and other powerful features
BCPL, B
30
By the late _____s, C had evolved into what is now referred to as “_______”
1970, Traditional C
31
“The C Programming Language” book was published in ______ and written by _____ and _____
1978, Kernighan, Ritchie
32
• The rapid expansion of C over various types of computers (sometimes called _______) led to many variations that were similar but often incompatible.
Hardware platforms
33
• In ______, the X3J11 technical committee was created under the American National Standards Committee on Computers and Information Processing (X3) to “provide an ______________________ of the language.”
1983, unambiguous and machine independent definition
34
In 1989, the standard was approved and updated in _______. The standards document is referred to as _________.
1999, INCITS/ISO/IEC 9899-1999
35
Give the 6 Program Development Life Cycle in Order
1. Problem Definition
2. Problem Analysis
3. Algorithm Development
4. Coding & Documentation
5. Testing & Debugging
6. Maintenance
36
- The solution to any computing problem involves executing a series of actions in a specific order. A procedure for solving a problem in terms of
1. The actions to be executed
2. The order in which these actions are to be executed
Algorithm
37
What makes a good algorithm?
1. Correctness
2. Efficiency
38
Should always give the correct solution
Correctness
39
- Should use minimum resources and should perform at an acceptable speed
Efficiency
40
How do you measure efficiency?
By Asymptotic Analysis
41
- Refers to defining the mathematical foundation/framing of its run-time performance
Asymptotic Analysis
42
- Specifies the order in which statements are to be executed in a computer program
Control Structure
43
is the order in which individual statements, instructions or function calls of an imperative program are executed or evaluated
Control Flow/Structure
44
Give the 3 Types of Control Structure
1. Sequential
2. Selection
3. Repetition
45
- default mode. Sequential execution of code statements (one line after another)
Sequential Control Structure
46
- used for decisions, branching. Choosing between 2 or more alternative paths.
Selection Control Structure
47
- used for looping, i.e. repeating a piece of code multiple times in a row.
Repetition Control Structure
48
- An artificial and informal language that helps you develop algorithm
Pseudocode
49
- Similar to everyday English; it’s convenient and user friendly although it’s not an actual computer programming language
Pseudocode
50
- A graphical representation of an algorithm or of a portion of an algorithm
Flowchart
51
- Drawn using certain special-purpose symbols such as rectangles, diamonds, ovals, and small circles; these symbols are connected by arrows called flowlines
Flowchart
52
In a flowchart, symbols connected by arrows are called ________
Flowlines
53
In a flowchart, a circle or oblong represents:
Start and End
54
In a flowchart, a slanted rectangle represents the ______
Output or Display
55
In a flowchart, a rectangle represents the _______
Input or Process
56
In a flowchart, a tiny circle indicates ________
Continuation
57
In a flowchart, a diamond represents __________
Decisions
58
Diamonds or decisions in a flowchart is the only one that can have ___ input and ___ outputs
One, two
59
must be placed at the beginning of a file. These directives perform different types of functions, but they are commonly use to include a header files
Preprocessor directives (#)
60
is a file with extension .h which contains C function declarations and macro definitions to be shared between several source files.
Header File
61
There are two types of header files:
the files that the programmer writes and
the files that comes with your compiler.
62
a self-contained block of code, other languages call them procedure or subroutine. It is just a series of statements grouped together and given a name.
Function
63
Give the 4 Elements of C Program
1. Preprocessor directives (#)
2. Function
3. Statements
4. Comments
64
- Commands that the computer executes when the program runs.
Statements
65
All statements end with a __________
Semicolon (;)
66
are used to write some valuable notes while programming. They also increase the readability of the program.
Comments
67
Give the two types of comments
1. Single Line (denoted by //)
2. Multi Line (denoted by /* comment */)
68
- an entity that doesn’t change
Constants
69
An entity that may change
Variable
70
What are the types of C Constants?
Primary Constants and Secondary Constants
71
What are under Primary Constants?
Integer Constant
Real Constant
Character Constant
72
Real constants are often called ____________ and could be written in two forms
floating point constants
73
What are the two forms of the Real Constant?
Fractional form and Exponential form
74
is a single alphabet, a single digit, or a single special symbol enclosed within single inverted commas
Character Constant
75
For a character constant, both inverted commas should point to the left (true or false)
True
76
What are some secondary constants?
Array
Pointer
Structure
Union
Enum
77
The allowable range for integer constants is ______ to _______
-32768 ; 32767
78
For real constants (exponential form), the mantissa part and the exponential part should be separated by a letter _.
e
79
What is the range of real constants in exponential form?
-3.4e38 to 3.4e38
80
(True or False) No commas or blanks are allowed within a real constant
True
81
The maximum length of a character constant can be ____ character
1
82
It defines what type of data the variable will hold
C Data Types
83
Give the 5 C Data Types
Int
Char
Float
Double
Void
84
Used to hold an integer
Int
85
Can hold/store a character in it
Char
86
Used to hold a float value
Float
87
Used to hold a double value
Double
88
Give range of data type, bytes, and format: signed char
-128 to +127
1 byte
%c
89
Give range of data type, bytes, and format: unsigned char
0 to 255
1 byte
%c
90
Give range of data type, bytes, and format: short signed int
-32768 to +32767
2 bytes
%d
91
Give range of data type, bytes, and format: short unsigned integer
0 to 65535
2 bytes
%u
92
Give range of data type, bytes, and format: signed integer
-2147483648 to +2147483647
4 bytes
%d
Note: this is the default of int
Additional note: range is the same as long signed integer
93
Give range of data type, bytes, and format: unsigned integer
0 to 4294967295
4 bytes
%u
94
Give range of data type, bytes, and format: long signed integer
-2147483648 to +2147483647
4 bytes
%ld
95
Give range of data type, bytes, and format: long unsigned integer
0 to 4294967295
4 bytes
%lu
96
Give range of data type, bytes, and format: float
-3.4e38 to +3.4e38
4 bytes
%f
97
Give range of data type, bytes, and format: double
-1.7e308 to +1.7e308
8 bytes
%lf
98
Give range of data type, bytes, and format: long double
-1.7e4932 to +1.7e4932
10 bytes
%Lf
99
Give the 5 Types of Variables in C
1. Local Variable
2. Global Variable
3. Static Variable
4. Automatic Variable
5. External Variable
100
Type of variable: declared inside the function or block
Local Variable
101
Type of variable: declared outside the function or block. Any function can change the value of global variable – it is available to all the functions
Global Variable
102
Type of variable: declared with static keyword. It retains its value between multiple function calls
Static Variable
103
Type of variable: all variable in c that are declared inside the block are automatic variable by default. We can explicitly declare an automatic variable using auto keyword
Automatic Variable
104
Type of variable: can share a variable in multiple C source files. To declare an external variable, you need to use an external keyword
External Variable
105
A variable name is any combination of 1 to ___ alphabets, digits, or underscores.
31
106
(True or False) First character in the variable name must be an alphabet or underscore
True
107
- A statement in which a variable is stored by the compiler.
Variable Declaration
108
- The different ways of changing an expression from one data type to another.
Type Casting
109
- Specify the actions to be performed during the execution of program code.
- are normally executed in the sequence they appear in the program code.
Executable Statements
110
ASCII printable characters:
A to Z
65 to 90
111
ASCII printable characters:
a to z
97 to 122
112
Give me the 5 types of Errors
1. Syntax Error
2. Run-time error
3. Linker Error
4. Logical Error
5. Semantic Error
113
- also known as the compilation errors
- occurred at the compilation time, or we can say that the syntax errors are thrown by the compilers
- mainly occurred due to the mistakes while typing or do not follow the syntax of the specified programming language.
Syntax Error
114
- Sometimes the errors exist during the execution-time even after the successful compilation known as run-time errors. When the program is running, and it is not able to perform the operation is the main cause of the run-time error.
Run-time Error
115
- mainly generated when the executable file of the program is not created. This can be happened either due to the wrong function prototyping or usage of the wrong header file.
Linker Error
116
- leads to an undesired output. These errors produce the incorrect output, but they are error-free
Logical Error
117
- occurred when the statements are not understandable by the compiler
Semantic Error
118
- program that processes statements written in a particular programming language and turns them into machine language or "code" that a computer's processor uses
Compiler
119
What are the 3 logical operators in C?
&& - AND operator
|| - OR operator
! - NOT operator
120
The AND operator:
When one of the conditions is false, the expression becomes false
121
The OR operator
When one of the conditions is true, then the expression is true.
122
Non-zero value
True
123
Zero Value
False
124
The AND (&&) operator and OR (||) operator associates from _______ to _______.
left ; right
125
(True or False) The NOT (!) operator has the highest precedence and it associates from right to left.
True
126
- The group of statements after the if up to and not including the else is called an ‘_______’.
If block
127
- The group of statements after the else is called an ‘________’.
Else block
128
(True or False) We can drop the pair of braces if there is only one statement to be executed in the if and else block
True
