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Basic Computer Concepts Flashcards

1
Q
  • is an electronic device that accepts data from the user, processes it, produces results, displays them to the users, and stores the results for future usage
A

Computer

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2
Q
  • is a collection of unorganized facts & figures and does not provide any further information regarding patterns, context, etc. Hence data means “unstructured facts and figures”.
A

Data

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3
Q

is a structured data i.e. organized meaningful and processed data. To process the data and convert into information, a computer is used.

A

Information

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4
Q

Give the four functions of computers

A

• Input
• Process
• Store
• Output

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5
Q

Give the 7 Characteristics of Computer System

A
  1. Memory
  2. Automation
  3. Reliability
  4. Versatility
  5. Diligence
  6. Accuracy
  7. Speed
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6
Q

The Basic Applications of Computer

A

• Home
• Medical Field
• Entertainment
• Industry
• Education
• Government
• Banking
• Business
• Training
• Arts
• Science & Engineering

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7
Q

Give the Components of Computer System

A

Input Device
Central Processing Unit
-Control Unit
-Arithmetic/Logic Unit
Memory Unit
Output Device

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8
Q
  • All types of processing, such as comparisons, decision-making and processing of non-numeric information takes place here
A

ALU

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9
Q
  • This part of CPU extracts instructions, performs execution, maintains and directs operations of entire system.
A

Control Unit

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10
Q
  • This is unit in which data and instructions given to computer as well as results are stored.
A

Memory Unit

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11
Q
  • It controls all activities of computer
  • Supervises flow of data within CPU
  • Directs flow of data within CPU
  • Transfers data to Arithmetic and Logic Unit
  • Transfers results to memory
  • Fetches results from memory to output devices
A

Functions of Control Unit

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12
Q
  • Any of various languages for expressing a set of detailed instructions for a digital computer
A

Computer Programming Language

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13
Q
  • Allow us to give instructions to a computer in a language the computer understands
A

Computer Programming Language

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14
Q

Give the hierarchy of Computer Language from highest to lowest

A

High level language
Assembley language
Machine Language
Computer Hardware

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15
Q

What language type is Web Scripting?

A

Java Script

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16
Q

What language type is HTML and XML?

A

WWW Display Languages

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17
Q

What language type is Tex, PostScript, SGML?

A

Document Formatting Languages

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18
Q

What language type is PERL?

A

Scripting languages

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19
Q

What language type is Prolog and Lisp?

A

Declarative Languages

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20
Q

What language type is C++, C#, Ada, Java, Visual Basic, and Python?

A

Object Oriented Languages

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21
Q

What language type is Cobol and SQL?

A

Business Oriented Languages

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22
Q

What language type is Fortran, Algol, and C?

A

Algorithmic languages

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23
Q

C evolved from two previous languages

A

BCPL (Basic Combined Programming Language) and B

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24
Q

BCPL was developed in _____ by ______

A

1967 by Martin Richards

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25
Q

_________ modeled many features in Martin Richards’s B language

A

Ken Thompson

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26
Q

In ______, who used B to create early versions of the UNIX operating system at Bell Laboratories?

A

1970, Ken Thompson

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27
Q

He evolved the C language from B at Bell Laboraties

A

Dennis Ritchie

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28
Q

The C language was originally implemented on a _______ computer in ______

A

DEC PDP-11, 1972

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29
Q

C uses many of the important concepts of _____ and ____ while adding data typing and other powerful features

A

BCPL, B

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30
Q

By the late _____s, C had evolved into what is now referred to as “_______”

A

1970, Traditional C

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31
Q

“The C Programming Language” book was published in ______ and written by _____ and _____

A

1978, Kernighan, Ritchie

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32
Q

• The rapid expansion of C over various types of computers (sometimes called _______) led to many variations that were similar but often incompatible.

A

Hardware platforms

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33
Q

• In ______, the X3J11 technical committee was created under the American National Standards Committee on Computers and Information Processing (X3) to “provide an ______________________ of the language.”

A

1983, unambiguous and machine independent definition

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34
Q

In 1989, the standard was approved and updated in _______. The standards document is referred to as _________.

A

1999, INCITS/ISO/IEC 9899-1999

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35
Q

Give the 6 Program Development Life Cycle in Order

A
  1. Problem Definition
  2. Problem Analysis
  3. Algorithm Development
  4. Coding & Documentation
  5. Testing & Debugging
  6. Maintenance
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36
Q
  • The solution to any computing problem involves executing a series of actions in a specific order. A procedure for solving a problem in terms of
    1. The actions to be executed
    2. The order in which these actions are to be executed
A

Algorithm

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37
Q

What makes a good algorithm?

A
  1. Correctness
  2. Efficiency
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38
Q

Should always give the correct solution

A

Correctness

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39
Q
  • Should use minimum resources and should perform at an acceptable speed
A

Efficiency

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40
Q

How do you measure efficiency?

A

By Asymptotic Analysis

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41
Q
  • Refers to defining the mathematical foundation/framing of its run-time performance
A

Asymptotic Analysis

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42
Q
  • Specifies the order in which statements are to be executed in a computer program
A

Control Structure

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43
Q

is the order in which individual statements, instructions or function calls of an imperative program are executed or evaluated

A

Control Flow/Structure

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44
Q

Give the 3 Types of Control Structure

A
  1. Sequential
  2. Selection
  3. Repetition
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45
Q
  • default mode. Sequential execution of code statements (one line after another)
A

Sequential Control Structure

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46
Q
  • used for decisions, branching. Choosing between 2 or more alternative paths.
A

Selection Control Structure

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47
Q
  • used for looping, i.e. repeating a piece of code multiple times in a row.
A

Repetition Control Structure

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48
Q
  • An artificial and informal language that helps you develop algorithm
A

Pseudocode

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49
Q
  • Similar to everyday English; it’s convenient and user friendly although it’s not an actual computer programming language
A

Pseudocode

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50
Q
  • A graphical representation of an algorithm or of a portion of an algorithm
A

Flowchart

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51
Q
  • Drawn using certain special-purpose symbols such as rectangles, diamonds, ovals, and small circles; these symbols are connected by arrows called flowlines
A

Flowchart

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52
Q

In a flowchart, symbols connected by arrows are called ________

53
Q

In a flowchart, a circle or oblong represents:

A

Start and End

54
Q

In a flowchart, a slanted rectangle represents the ______

A

Output or Display

55
Q

In a flowchart, a rectangle represents the _______

A

Input or Process

56
Q

In a flowchart, a tiny circle indicates ________

A

Continuation

57
Q

In a flowchart, a diamond represents __________

58
Q

Diamonds or decisions in a flowchart is the only one that can have ___ input and ___ outputs

59
Q

must be placed at the beginning of a file. These directives perform different types of functions, but they are commonly use to include a header files

A

Preprocessor directives (#)

60
Q

is a file with extension .h which contains C function declarations and macro definitions to be shared between several source files.

A

Header File

61
Q

There are two types of header files:

A

the files that the programmer writes and

the files that comes with your compiler.

62
Q

a self-contained block of code, other languages call them procedure or subroutine. It is just a series of statements grouped together and given a name.

63
Q

Give the 4 Elements of C Program

A
  1. Preprocessor directives (#)
  2. Function
  3. Statements
  4. Comments
64
Q
  • Commands that the computer executes when the program runs.
A

Statements

65
Q

All statements end with a __________

A

Semicolon (;)

66
Q

are used to write some valuable notes while programming. They also increase the readability of the program.

67
Q

Give the two types of comments

A
  1. Single Line (denoted by //)
  2. Multi Line (denoted by /* comment */)
68
Q
  • an entity that doesn’t change
69
Q

An entity that may change

70
Q

What are the types of C Constants?

A

Primary Constants and Secondary Constants

71
Q

What are under Primary Constants?

A

Integer Constant
Real Constant
Character Constant

72
Q

Real constants are often called ____________ and could be written in two forms

A

floating point constants

73
Q

What are the two forms of the Real Constant?

A

Fractional form and Exponential form

74
Q

is a single alphabet, a single digit, or a single special symbol enclosed within single inverted commas

A

Character Constant

75
Q

For a character constant, both inverted commas should point to the left (true or false)

76
Q

What are some secondary constants?

A

Array
Pointer
Structure
Union
Enum

77
Q

The allowable range for integer constants is ______ to _______

A

-32768 ; 32767

78
Q

For real constants (exponential form), the mantissa part and the exponential part should be separated by a letter _.

79
Q

What is the range of real constants in exponential form?

A

-3.4e38 to 3.4e38

80
Q

(True or False) No commas or blanks are allowed within a real constant

81
Q

The maximum length of a character constant can be ____ character

82
Q

It defines what type of data the variable will hold

A

C Data Types

83
Q

Give the 5 C Data Types

A

Int
Char
Float
Double
Void

84
Q

Used to hold an integer

85
Q

Can hold/store a character in it

86
Q

Used to hold a float value

87
Q

Used to hold a double value

88
Q

Give range of data type, bytes, and format: signed char

A

-128 to +127

1 byte

%c

89
Q

Give range of data type, bytes, and format: unsigned char

A

0 to 255

1 byte

%c

90
Q

Give range of data type, bytes, and format: short signed int

A

-32768 to +32767

2 bytes

%d

91
Q

Give range of data type, bytes, and format: short unsigned integer

A

0 to 65535

2 bytes

%u

92
Q

Give range of data type, bytes, and format: signed integer

A

-2147483648 to +2147483647

4 bytes

%d

Note: this is the default of int
Additional note: range is the same as long signed integer

93
Q

Give range of data type, bytes, and format: unsigned integer

A

0 to 4294967295

4 bytes

%u

94
Q

Give range of data type, bytes, and format: long signed integer

A

-2147483648 to +2147483647

4 bytes

%ld

95
Q

Give range of data type, bytes, and format: long unsigned integer

A

0 to 4294967295

4 bytes

%lu

96
Q

Give range of data type, bytes, and format: float

A

-3.4e38 to +3.4e38

4 bytes

%f

97
Q

Give range of data type, bytes, and format: double

A

-1.7e308 to +1.7e308

8 bytes

%lf

98
Q

Give range of data type, bytes, and format: long double

A

-1.7e4932 to +1.7e4932

10 bytes

%Lf

99
Q

Give the 5 Types of Variables in C

A
  1. Local Variable
  2. Global Variable
  3. Static Variable
  4. Automatic Variable
  5. External Variable
100
Q

Type of variable: declared inside the function or block

A

Local Variable

101
Q

Type of variable: declared outside the function or block. Any function can change the value of global variable – it is available to all the functions

A

Global Variable

102
Q

Type of variable: declared with static keyword. It retains its value between multiple function calls

A

Static Variable

103
Q

Type of variable: all variable in c that are declared inside the block are automatic variable by default. We can explicitly declare an automatic variable using auto keyword

A

Automatic Variable

104
Q

Type of variable: can share a variable in multiple C source files. To declare an external variable, you need to use an external keyword

A

External Variable

105
Q

A variable name is any combination of 1 to ___ alphabets, digits, or underscores.

106
Q

(True or False) First character in the variable name must be an alphabet or underscore

107
Q
  • A statement in which a variable is stored by the compiler.
A

Variable Declaration

108
Q
  • The different ways of changing an expression from one data type to another.
A

Type Casting

109
Q
  • Specify the actions to be performed during the execution of program code.
  • are normally executed in the sequence they appear in the program code.
A

Executable Statements

110
Q

ASCII printable characters:

A to Z

111
Q

ASCII printable characters:

a to z

112
Q

Give me the 5 types of Errors

A
  1. Syntax Error
  2. Run-time error
  3. Linker Error
  4. Logical Error
  5. Semantic Error
113
Q
  • also known as the compilation errors
  • occurred at the compilation time, or we can say that the syntax errors are thrown by the compilers
  • mainly occurred due to the mistakes while typing or do not follow the syntax of the specified programming language.
A

Syntax Error

114
Q
  • Sometimes the errors exist during the execution-time even after the successful compilation known as run-time errors. When the program is running, and it is not able to perform the operation is the main cause of the run-time error.
A

Run-time Error

115
Q
  • mainly generated when the executable file of the program is not created. This can be happened either due to the wrong function prototyping or usage of the wrong header file.
A

Linker Error

116
Q
  • leads to an undesired output. These errors produce the incorrect output, but they are error-free
A

Logical Error

117
Q
  • occurred when the statements are not understandable by the compiler
A

Semantic Error

118
Q
  • program that processes statements written in a particular programming language and turns them into machine language or “code” that a computer’s processor uses
119
Q

What are the 3 logical operators in C?

A

&& - AND operator

|| - OR operator

! - NOT operator

120
Q

The AND operator:

A

When one of the conditions is false, the expression becomes false

121
Q

The OR operator

A

When one of the conditions is true, then the expression is true.

122
Q

Non-zero value

123
Q

Zero Value

124
Q

The AND (&&) operator and OR (||) operator associates from _______ to _______.

A

left ; right

125
Q

(True or False) The NOT (!) operator has the highest precedence and it associates from right to left.

126
Q
  • The group of statements after the if up to and not including the else is called an ‘_______’.
127
Q
  • The group of statements after the else is called an ‘________’.
A

Else block

128
Q

(True or False) We can drop the pair of braces if there is only one statement to be executed in the if and else block

ITE 12 (1 decks)

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