Basic Chemistry And Water

Question 1

What is the max number of electrons in the inner most shell

Answer 1

2 electrons

Question 2

Isotope

Answer 2

• Alternative form of an atom that differs in the number of neurons. Isotopes differ in only their weight and not chemical properties.
• As number of neutrons increases, so does the instability of the isotope.
• some isotopes are so unstable they turn into a completely different element with a different number of protons as they decay.

Question 3

Electronegativity

Answer 3

• Measure of how strong an atom pulls electrons towards its nucleus when engaged in a chemical bond.
• the difference in electronegativity values between two events predicts what bond will form between them.

Question 4

Pure covalent bond (nonpolar)

Answer 4

• < 0.4
• elements with the same electronegativity or share the same number of valence electrons.
• this occurs between two of the same elements or between carbon and hydrogen.

Question 5

Polar covalent

Answer 5

• when two atoms in a chemical bond are slightly different in their electronegativities and have unequal electron charging.
• between 0.4 and 1.8

Question 6

Ionic

Answer 6

• when two atoms experience a complete electron transfer from one ion to another.
• > 1.8

Question 7

Van der waals interaction

Answer 7

Interaction id electrons of nonpolar substances.

Question 8

Acid

Answer 8

Substance that can ionize to release protons and increase concentration of protons (decrease pH)

Question 9

Base

Answer 9

Substance that accepts protons and decrease concentration of protons in solution. (Increasing pH)

Question 10

Monomers

Answer 10

• Are small atoms or molecules that bond to form more complex structures.
• there are four main types of monomers: sugars, amino acids, fatty acids, nucleotides.

Question 11

Polymers

Answer 11

Large molecules made up of long chains or networks of monomers. Monomers are the building blocks of polymers.

Question 12

Condensation reaction

Answer 12

• reaction in which two smaller molecules combine to form a larger molecule.
• a water molecule is produced

Question 13

Hydrolysis reaction

Answer 13

• a larger molecules forms two or more smaller molecules and water is consumed as a reactant.
• this reaction sets apart chemicals by adding water

Question 14

Do polymer products of a condensation reaction weigh more or less than the sum of the monomer reactants.

Answer 14

The polymer product will weigh less than the sum of monomer reactants because water is released as a byproduct, meaning the mass of the product is less than total mass of starting monomers.

Question 15

Polymerase

Answer 15

Enzyme that synthesizes long chains of nucleic acids (DNA & RNA)

Question 16

Hydrolyses

Answer 16

Enzymes that function by using water to break down large molecules into smaller ounces, catalyzing a hydrolysis reaction.

Question 17

How does hydrogen bonding in water contribute to its thermal properties?

Answer 17

• hydrogen bonding in water allows for its high heat capacity. It takes large amount of heat to raise temperature of water.
• crucial in life by maintaining body temperature and organisms and regulating environmental temperatures.

Question 18

How does hydrogen bonds impact cohesive properties of water

Answer 18

• Hydrogen bonding creates strong attraction between molecules, causing them to “stick” together due to the polarity between the hydrogen and oxygen atoms
• this allows water to form droplets
• allows for water transport, surface tension, and regulates body temperature

Question 19

How does hydrogen bonds impact adhesive properties of water

Answer 19

• hydrogen bonding in water contribute to its adhesive properties by allowing water to form attraction to other polar molecules, allowing water to stick to different surfaces
• crucial in life by allowing water transport, where water adheres to xylem vessels, and maintains structure of cell membranes.

Question 20

How does hydrogen bonds impact solvent properties of water

Answer 20

• hydrogen bonding allows polar molecules and ions to dissolve in it due to attractive forces between positive H atoms and partial negative atoms other polar molecules.
• allows for transport of nurtrients, hormones, and other essential substances within body.
• Cytoplasm, which is water base,m allows for necessary chemical reactions to occur by facilitating movement of dissolved molecules.

Question 21

Hydroxyl group

Answer 21

-OH
-polar
- hydrophilic
- abundant in sugars and alcohols.

Question 22

Carbonyl group

Answer 22

• Polar
• hydrophilic
• every sugar has one

Question 23

Carboxyl

Answer 23

• COOH
• acidic
• charged (-)
• commonly found in amino acids, fatty acids, acetic acids, other acids

Question 24

Amino

Answer 24

• NH2
• basic, charged +
• functions include biological base, maintains 3-D structure of large molecules
• Found in amino acid and bases of nucleic acids

Question 25

Sulfhyfryl

Answer 25

• thiol
• -SH
• polar
  Forms disulfide bonds and enzymatic activities
  Found in amino acid-cytosine and acetyl-CoA

Question 26

Phosphate

Answer 26

• Acidic, charged (-)
• hydrophilic
• functions include regulation, energy, structure
• found in phospholipids, DNA backbone, NTP, protein regulation

Question 27

Label all the functional group and label and circle all polar or charged regions in the four bio molecules below.