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Honors Bio > Basic Chemistry > Flashcards

Basic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is an atom?

A

An atom is the smallest part of an element that has properties of that element

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2
Q

What is an element?

A

An element is a substance made of only one kind of atom; ex: O2

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3
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Two or more atoms chemically joined together; ex: H2O

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4
Q

What is a compound?

A

Two or more atoms chemically joined together

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5
Q

Are all compounds molecules?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Are all molecules compounds?

A

No

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7
Q

What two particles does each atom have in their nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

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8
Q

Where are electrons located in the electron cloud model?

A

In orbitals, outside the nucleus

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9
Q

What does molecular formula consist of?

A
  • Symbols showing which elements are present
  • Subscripts showing the number of atoms
  • Coefficient showing the total number of molecules
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10
Q

What does structural formula show?

A

How the molecules are bonded together and arranged

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11
Q

What do electrons orbit?

A

The nucleus

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12
Q

What do energy shells need to be in order to be stable?

A

They need to be full

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13
Q

Chemical reactions occur when?

A

Valence electrons (in the outermost shell), share, gain, or lose electrons to fill the shell

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14
Q

Most atoms are stable when there are how many electrons in the outer shell?

A

8

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15
Q

When does a chemical bond form?

A

When atoms combine

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16
Q

Where is energy stored?

A

Between the bonds between atoms

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17
Q

When is energy released?

A

When the bonds are broken

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18
Q

Ionic bond

A

Loss or gain of electrons

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19
Q

Covalent bond

A

Sharing of electrons

20
Q

Why do ionic bonds have an electrical charge?

A

They have an unequal number of protons and electrons

21
Q

Loss of an electron makes the ion

A

Positive

22
Q

Gain of an electron makes the ion

A

Negative

23
Q

Covalent bonds - Single bond

A

One pair of electrons shared between 2 atoms

24
Q

Covalent bonds - Double bond

A

Two pairs of electron shared between 2 atoms

25
Q

Covalent bonds - Triple bond

A

Three pairs of electrons shared between 2 atoms

26
Q

What is a non-polar bond?

A

Two atoms share a pair of electrons equally

27
Q

What is a polar bond?

A

A pair of electrons is shared unequally between 2 atoms

28
Q

Hydrogen bond

A

One end of the molecule is partially more positive/negative than the other

29
Q

What does hydrogen bonding cause in water

A

High boiling point

30
Q

Non-polar molecule shape

A

Symmetrical shape

31
Q

Polar molecule shape

A

Asymmetrical shape (one end is slightly positive, one end is slightly negative

32
Q

Hydrophilic

A

Polar

33
Q

Hydrophobic

A

Non-polar

34
Q

What do vitamins dissolve in?

A

Fat and water

35
Q

What kind of molecule is water?

A

Polar

36
Q

What will ionic compounds do in water

A

Disassociate

37
Q

What are the properties of water?

A

Cohesive - Water molecules cling to each other
Adhesive - Water molecules cling to other polar substances
Surface tension - Force that holds moist membranes together

38
Q

What happens in solubility?

A

Like “dissolves” like

39
Q

pH is the measure of?

A

Acidity based on H+ ion

40
Q

Acids have more H+ than what ion?

A

OH- (hydroxide)

41
Q

Bases have more OH- than what ion?

A

H+

42
Q

What will happen to an ionic compound if you put it in water?

A

Break apart into two ions

43
Q

pH scale

A

7 is neutral
Below 7 is acidic
Above 7 is basic

44
Q

What happens when the pH of a substance changes by 1?

A

The ions change by a factor of 10

45
Q

What do catalysts lower?

A

Activation energy

Honors Bio (3 decks)

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