Basic Chem Review Flashcards
What is matter?
Anything that has mass and volume.
Matter is the physical substance that makes up the universe.
Define an element.
A substance that can’t be broken down into simpler substances.
Elements are the fundamental building blocks of matter.
What are properties in the context of chemistry?
Physical description of the element.
Properties can include characteristics such as color, density, and melting point.
What does malleability refer to?
The ability of a substance to be deformed or molded into a different shape without breaking.
Malleability is a common property of metals.
What does the term ‘chemical properties’ refer to?
The reactivity of the element (corrosion, oxidation).
Chemical properties determine how a substance interacts with other substances.
Where are metals typically found on the Periodic Table?
On the left/middle of the Periodic Table.
Metals are generally good conductors of heat and electricity.
What is the significance of electrons in ion formation?
Metals lose electrons when forming ions.
This loss of electrons results in a positive charge.
Where are nonmetals typically found on the Periodic Table?
On the right side of the Periodic Table.
Nonmetals are usually poor conductors of heat and electricity.
What happens to nonmetals when they form ions?
They gain electrons when forming ions.
This gain of electrons results in a negative charge.
What is an atom?
Smallest particle of an element that retains the properties of that element.
What is a cation?
A positively charged ion.
What is an anion?
A negatively charged ion.
What are isotopes?
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
What is a molecule?
A group of two or more atoms bonded together.
Fill in the blank: A _______ is a positively charged ion.
cation
Fill in the blank: A _______ is a negatively charged ion.
anion
True or False: Isotopes have the same number of protons but different numbers of electrons.
False
What is the charge of a cation?
Positive
What is the charge of an anion?
Negative
What is the significance of isotopes in chemistry?
They help in understanding chemical reactions and dating materials.
Fill in the blank: An atom consists of protons, neutrons, and _______.
electrons
What are the three main subatomic particles?
Protons, Neutrons, Electrons
Protons are positively charged, neutrons have no charge, and electrons are negatively charged.
What is the charge of a proton?
+1
Protons carry a positive charge.
What is the charge of a neutron?
0
Neutrons are neutral particles.
What is the charge of an electron?
-1
Electrons carry a negative charge.
Where are protons located in an atom?
Nucleus
Protons reside in the nucleus of the atom.
Where are neutrons located in an atom?
Nucleus
Neutrons are also found in the nucleus.
Where are electrons located in an atom?
Orbital
Electrons orbit the nucleus in electron shells.
What does atomic number represent in an atom?
Number of protons
The atomic number is unique for each element.
Fill in the blank: The atomic mass is the total mass of _______.
Protons and neutrons
Electrons are negligible in mass compared to protons and neutrons.
What is a compound?
A substance formed from two or more elements combined in a fixed ratio
Example: H2O (2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen) and NaCl (1 sodium, 1 chlorine)
What type of bonding involves the transfer of electrons?
Ionic bonding
In ionic bonding, there are electron donors (cations) and acceptors (anions).
What is a cation?
A positively charged ion
Cations are formed when an atom loses one or more electrons.
What is an anion?
A negatively charged ion
Anions are formed when an atom gains one or more electrons.
What is the result of ionic bonding?
A charge imbalance that leads to attraction between oppositely charged ions
This attraction forms ionic compounds.
What types of substances are considered ionic compounds?
Salts, acids, and bases
Ionic compounds are crucial in various biological processes.
How do ionic compounds behave in water?
They dissociate in water
This property is significant as organisms are composed of 70-90% water.
What is polarity in the context of chemistry?
Polarity refers to the distribution of electrical charge over the atoms joined by the bond.
True or False: Polar molecules have an uneven distribution of charge.
True
Fill in the blank: A molecule with a positive end and a negative end is called a __________ molecule.
polar
Which of the following is an example of a polar molecule? (A) O2 (B) H2O (C) CO2
B) H2O
What type of bond typically results in the formation of polar molecules?
Covalent bonds with unequal sharing of electrons.
What is a hydrogen bond?
A hydrogen bond is a weak attractive force between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to an electronegative atom and another electronegative atom.
True or False: Hydrogen bonds are stronger than covalent bonds.
False
Fill in the blank: Hydrogen bonds commonly occur between molecules containing _____ and _____ atoms.
hydrogen, electronegative
Which of the following molecules can form hydrogen bonds? (a) H2O, (b) CO2, (c) NH3
a and c (H2O and NH3)
What role do hydrogen bonds play in the properties of water?
Hydrogen bonds contribute to water’s high boiling point, surface tension, and solvent properties.
What is a chemical reaction?
A process that leads to the transformation of one set of chemical substances to another.
True or False: In a chemical reaction, atoms are created and destroyed.
False
Fill in the blank: A __________ is a substance that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the process.
catalyst
Which of the following is an example of a chemical reaction? A) Melting ice B) Rusting iron C) Boiling water
B) Rusting iron
What is the law of conservation of mass in relation to chemical reactions?
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
