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Cell Biology > Basic Cells and Organelles > Flashcards

Basic Cells and Organelles Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the name for the area of the plasma membrane where proteins involved in cell signalling are concentrated?

A

Lipid rafts

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2
Q

What is the name of the carbohydrate covering which exists on all cells?

A

Glycocalyx

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3
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates in the plasma membrane?

A

To allow cells to be recognised

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4
Q

The phospholipids in the plasma membrane are amphipathic. What does this mean?

A

They have both hydrophobic and hydrophilic parts

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5
Q

Which organelle is continuous with the outer membrane of the nucleus?

A

Rough endoplasmic reticulum.

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6
Q

What is the name of the scaffold of intermediate filaments which attached to the inner nuclear membrane?

A

Nuclear lamina

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7
Q

Where does ribosomal RNA synthesis take place?

A

Nucleolus

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8
Q

How do molecules travel in and out of the nucleus?

A

They travel via the nuclear pores.

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9
Q

Where does the Citric acid cycle of aerobic respiration take place?

A

The mitochondria

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10
Q

What is the function of the outer membrane of mitochondria?

A

The outer membrane is selectively permeable to allow the passage of some molecules - such as pyruvate which is needed for respiration - into the cell.

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11
Q

What is the name of the folds in the inner mitochondrial membrane which are useful in the electron transport chain?

A

Christae

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12
Q

What is the name of the part of the mitochondria which holds the enzymes which are involved in the citric acid cycle?

A

Matrix

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13
Q

The intermembrane space of the mitochondria is important in which process?

A

The electron transport chain

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14
Q

At what organelle in the cell does lipid synthesis and calcium storage occur?

A

Smooth ER

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15
Q

Which organelle is often referred to as the ‘post office’ of the cell?

A

Golgi

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16
Q

As proteins move through the Golgi stack they undergo enzymatic modification. What is the purpose of this modification?

A

To label proteins for their specific destination in the cell

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17
Q

Which organelle is involved in bile synthesis?

A

Peroxisome

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18
Q

What is the function of the lysosome?

A

To degrade defective/old organelles, macromolecules and particles

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19
Q

What is the function if endosomes?

A

They deliver molecules from the plasma membrane to the lysosome and will fuse with the lysosome to deliver their contents.

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20
Q

What is the function of the cytoskeleton?

A

Maintain correct cell shape
Support fragile plasma membrane
Provides mechanical linkages to help cell bear stress
Facilitates the movement of organelles
Allows the cell to adopt specific behaviours e.g. Growth, migration, division

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21
Q

What are the three classes of filamentous protein which make up the cytoskeleton?

A

Microtubules
Microfilaments
Intermediate Filaments

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22
Q

What monomers are microtubules composed of?

A

Tubulins

23
Q

Actin comprises which type class of filamentous protein of the cytoskeleton?

A

Microfilament

24
Q

Name some of the proteins which intermediate filaments can be composed of.

A

Lamins
Keratin
Desmin
Vimentin

25
Q

Which protein class of the cytoskeleton is not associated with motor proteins?

A

Intermediate filaments

26
Q

Dynein and kinesin are motor proteins associated with…?

A

Microtubules

27
Q

Myosin is a motor protein associated with…?

A

Microfilaments

28
Q

Which cytoskeletal element participates in cell extension and motility in terms of lamellipodia and filopodia?

A

Microfilaments

29
Q

Cells (such as those of the skin) which require a lot of strength will often have a lot of which cytoskeletal component?

A

Intermediate filaments

30
Q

What is the name of the main microtubule organising centre?

A

Centrosome

31
Q

What cytoskeletal component is particularly important in the motility of cilia and flagellum?

A

Microtubules

32
Q

Which motor protein moves cargo away from the centrosome and which moves cargo towards the centrosome?

A

Away - kinesin

Towards - dynein

33
Q

The aggregation of cells and integration of function is made possible by…?

A

Cellular junctions

34
Q

What are cellular junctions?

A

Transmembrane proteins which connect the plasma membrane of a cell to adjacent cells, the basement membrane or the cytoskeleton.

35
Q

What are the three types of cellular junction?

A

Anchoring junction
Occluding or Tight junction
Communication or GAP junction

36
Q

What are the four types of anchoring junction?

A

Adherens junction
Focal Adhesion
Desmosome
Hemidesmosome

37
Q

Between what do adherens junctions provide a contact and to what element of the cytoskelton do they connect?

A

Provide contact between two adjacent cells

Connect to actin cytoskeleton

38
Q

Between what do desmosomes provide a contact and to what element of the cytoskelton do they connect?

A

Provide contact between two adjacent cells

Connect to intermediate filament network.

39
Q

Between what do hemidesmosomes provide a contact and to what element of the cytoskelton do they connect?

A

Provides contact between a cell and the extracellular matrix

Connect to intermediate filament network

40
Q

Between what do focal adhesions provide a contact and to what element of the cytoskelton do they connect?

A

Provide a contact between the cell and the extracellular matrix
Bind to the actin cytoskelton

41
Q

Between what do tight junctions provide a contact and to what element of the cytoskelton do they connect?

A

Provide contact between two adjacent cells

Connect to actin cytoskeleton

42
Q

What is the function of a GAP junction?

A

Connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells to allow the passage of inorganic ions and small molecules between cells

43
Q

What type of cell is likely to have an enriched amount of mitochondria?

A

Spermatozoa

44
Q

The sarcoplasmic reticulum is a specialised organelle of what type of cell?

A

Muscle cell

45
Q

What components are tight junctions made of?

A

Claudins

46
Q

What components are adherins junctions made of?

A

Cadherins

47
Q

What components are desomosomes made up of?

A

Desmosomal cadherins

48
Q

What components are hemidesmosomes made up of?

A

Integrins

49
Q

What components are focal adhesions made up of?

A

Integrins

50
Q

What components are GAP junctions made up of?

A

Connexins

51
Q

Vohwinkel syndrome is a result of a mutation in which protein?

A

Connexin 26 which comprises gap junctions

52
Q

Tay sachs disease destroys neurons due to a problem with which organelle?

A

Lysosome

53
Q

What organelle is particularly enhanced in leydig cells and hepatocytes?

A

Smooth ER

Cell Biology (6 decks)

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